Quiz#3- Land Plants Flashcards
Embryophyte
Name given to Land plants because they share the key derived trait of developing from an embryo protected by tissue from parent plant
How did land plants arise?
land plants are monophyletic..-from a single ancestor……
Vascular plants-aka-tracheophytes
Plants from seven of the 10 major plant clades which have vascular systems that transport materials throughout the plant body…these plants constitute a clade
Charales
One of the two groups of green algae which are the two closest relatives of the land plants–both retain their eggs in the parental organism..but of the two, the sister group is the charales.
Tracheids
Fluid conducting cells part of the vascular plants(7of the 10 clades) and give rigid structural support.allowing upwardgrowth important to terrestral acquiring of light..these cells are absent in nonvascular plants..it is contained within the xylem
Nonvascular plants
Include the liverworts, hornworts,mosses clades)Nonvascular dont contain tracheids(fluid conducting cells).but some have conducting cells…but they must live in water abundant places and dont have a vascular system(transports materials throughout body),.but their growth patterns allows water to move through the mats of plants.and symbiosis relations allow them to live in marginal surfaces..also they dont form a clade..but they are the first colonists in terrestrial environments….THE REPRODUCTION HAPPENS IN SAME PLANT with both female and male sex organs…but it requires water to gor from male to female sowing their descendency form water plants
Cuticle
Waxy covering that retards(slows down)water loss…its the most important and earliest of the plant features
Spore
a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.
Gametangia
Multicellular sex organs that enclose plant gametes and prevent them from drying out.
Features in vasculat vs nonvascular
Nonvascular dont have tracheids, efficient vascular system, leaves, stens,& roots that characterize vascular although they do have analogous structures….in the nonvascular plants the gametophyte is larger and longerlived, and more sufficient than the sporophyte, which is why its the large green structure of the plant,, while the vascular plants are sporophytes (ferns and seed plants)…dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients and may or may not be photosynthesis…………………..vascular plants have tracheids, vascular system, structural support, and a have evolved an independent sporophyte(so independent from the gametophyte at maturity,,in contrast to the nonvascular sporophyte that is smaller and dependent on gametophyte
Features in vasculat vs nonvascular
Nonvascular dont have tracheids, efficient vascular system, leaves, stens,& roots that characterize vascular although they do have analogous structures….in the nonvascular plants the gametophyte is larger and longerlived, and more sufficient than the sporophyte, which is why its the large green structure of the plant,, while the vascular plants are sporophytes (ferns and seed plants)…dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients and may or may not be photosynthesis
Sporophyte
Is a spore plant..so it is a multicellular dipliod plant that developed fromthe alernation of generations cycle where the zygote was formed…underwent mitosis and became the sporophyte…the sporophyte generation strectches from the zygote formation to the spore formation
Sporangia
Cells contained in the sporangia undergoe meiosis to produce a haploid spore.which then can go on in the cycle to make haploid gametes
gametophyte
“gamete plant” a multi-cellular plant that produces haploid gametes by mitosis…which then go on to to fertilize and become a zygote..and then repeat the cycle….the gametophyte generation extends from the spore to the gamete formation.
arch(eg)onium
multicellular flask shaped female sex organ with long neck ans swollen base that produces only one egg
anth(er)idium
male sex organ where sperm, containing two flagella, are produced…both sex organisms are in same individual
xylem
type of vascular tissue that conducts(carrys on) water and minerals from soil to aerial parts of the plant…may also provide support against gravity in the terrestrial environment…it contains the tracheids
phloem
vascular tissue that conducts the products of photosynthesis from sites produced/released to sites stored and used.
what are the major clades of seedless vascular and nonvascular plants?
club mosses, ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails
lycophytes
present day evolutionary descendants of early vascular plants…first appearing in the silurian period, from the rhyniophyte ancestor…this groupd (as do moniphytes) contain new featuresa, roots, leaves, types of spores)
monilophytes
also present day evolutionary descendants of early vascular plants…first appeared in the devonin period….this groups+the seed plants=euphylophites
rhyniophytes
earliest known vascular plant grousp in the silurian period….on low-lying moist areas…the features in this group provide evidence of nonvascular plant ancestry…but are themsleves long gone
microphyll
a leaf type that is usually small and only rarely has more than a single vascular strand departing from the vascular system,(at least in existing plants..and is said to have derived from the sterile sporagia.lycophytes have this leaf type
megaphyll
other leaf type found in monophytes and seed plants…so in euphylophites…thought to have arisen from the flatenning of a branching stem with overtopping growth until the branches evolved into veins of the leaves