Quiz 5: Flowers, fruit, seeds Flashcards
what are ferns classified as ?
non- flowering plants
- pterophyta
how do ferns reproduce
- spores
- requires free water for transfer of gametes (sex cells)
what are other non flowering plants
gymnosperms
how do gymnosperms reproduce
- reproductive organs within carious forms of cones
- seed forms in female cones
define flower
how classified?
- short branches bearing specially adapted leaves whose sole function is reproduction
- showy, conspicuous
what is stamen
- male part, produces pollen which contains sperm= male sex gametophyte
what is pistil ( or carpel)
female; produces ova= eggs = female gametophyte
how does fruit develop
sperm fertilizes the ovum –> embryo develops within a seed –> ovary transforms into fruit
describe conspicuous flowers
= perfect complete flower
perfect: both male and female organs found on same structure
complete: petals and sepals are present as well
describe inconspicuous flowers
why are they not showy?
- grasses, trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals
- wind pollinated, not trying to attract pollinators
what are 2 parts of stamen
stamen= male
anther and filament
anther function
pollen bearing part of stamen
filament function
stalk bearing an anther
parts of pistil
pistil = female part
- stigma
- style
- ovary
- ova
stigma function
part of the pistil that receives the pollen
-often gets sticky when in cycle so pollen sticks better
style function
narrow part of pistil that becomes a fruit
ovary function
basal part of pistil that becomes fruit
- site of ova and then seed development
receptacle function
-enlarged end to which flower parts are attached
sepal
-encloses and protects flower bud
petal
conspicuously coloured flower part
catalyx
group of sepals
corolla
group of petals
perianth
calyx and corolla together
tepal
no clear distinction between sepal and petal
ex clematis
inflorescence
shoot bearing clusters of flowers
peduncle
central axis of flower stalk (rachis)
- stalk supporting the inflorescence
pedicel
- stalk of individual flower (rachilla)
dioecious
- unisexual reproductive units on separate male or female plants (plants must cross pollinate)
gynoecious
- (pistillate) female plants produce seed and fruit but no pollen
androecious
-(staminate) male plants produce pollen but no seed
monoecious
- separate unisexual flowers on same plant
- usually mature at different times so don’t cross pollinate
what family is composite flower in
what is considered a composite flower?
asteraceae
- sunflower
- cone flower
- black eyed susan
- daisy
what is a sunflower made of
- ray flower
- disk flower
why flowers so many different colours
-attract specific pollinator
what is fruit considered
a mature ovary
pericarp
- fruit wall; derived from ovary wall
what are different type of pericarps
- fleshy, delicious to attract herbivores ex apples, cherries
- dry and nutritious attract herbivores ex acorns
- dry and splitting at maturity ex legumes
- dry capsules for scattering ex poppies
Describe flower arrangements for multiple flowers
Raceme- Panicle- Corymb Spike Umbel Head Compound Umbel Cyme Spadix
raceme
unbranched inflorescence with flowers having short pedicels attached to its axis
panicle
branched florescence
- flowers attached by pedicellate to pedicel, attached to stalk
- branch panicle= raceme
corymb
flat inflorescence
- stalks arise from different spots on axis to reach same height
- outer flowers open first
spike
contracted raceme, single sessile flowers share stem
umbel
-short pedicles arising from same point
head
bundle sessile flowers arranged to look like single flower
cyme
central main stem and each side branch end in a flower
spadix
type of spike inflorescence having small flowers borne on a fleshy stem
what are 3 fruit types
- simple
- aggregate
- mutliple
simple fruit types
derived from a flower bearing a single ovary
ex tomato, orange, melon, peach, bean
aggregate fruit types
-derived from flower having many ovaries - collection of many small fruits in a single receptacle
ex raspberry, blackberry, strawberry
multiple fruit type
- derived from many ovaries from separate flowers
- @ maturity the pericarps become fused unto single edible mass
ex. pineapple, mulberry
types of fleshy fruit
aggregate- rasberry
berry- grape
drupe- cherry
pome- apple
what is the purpose of fruit
protection and dispersal of seed
methods of dispersion
- ejected from plant- poppy, legumes
- carried by wind- dandelion, samara
- carried by water- coconut
- carried by animals- hooks and barbs
- eaten by animals, birds
why dead head?
- prevents seed production- costly resources
what is seedless fruit
how is it achieved
parthenocarpy
-development of fruit without stimulation of fert. or pollination
ex navel oranges, bananas NOT seedless grapes (embryo aborts)
