Quiz 1: Basic plant anatomy, Physiology, prop. & growth

Question 1

break down latin roots of horticuture and meaning

Answer 1

hortus= garden
cultura= cultivate or growth
therefore means to grow a garden

Question 2

what are 4 criteria to be “living”

Answer 2

1. reproduction
2. cellular metabolism
3. growth
4. movements/ response to env’t

Question 3

what are 7 classifications of life (in correct order) !

Answer 3

1. kingdom
2. phylum
3. class
4. order
5. family
6. genus
7. species

Question 4

what are 3 subclassifications in kingdom plantae

Answer 4

1. ferns - non flowering spores
2. gymnosperms- naked seed
3. angiosperm- seed within a vessel

Question 5

describe characteristics of gymnosperm

Answer 5

• non flowering but produce seed
• usually conifers
• usually have needles or scale- like leaves
• usually evergreen
• softwood

Question 6

describe characteristics of angiosperm

Answer 6

• flowering plants

- vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants and hardwood trees

Question 7

what is cotyledon?

Answer 7

• seed leaf= food storage structure in seeds

Question 8

differences monocots vs dicots

Answer 8

• monocots: only 1 cotyledon in seeds
• usually 3 (or multiple of) floral parts
• parallel array of leaf veins
• one pore in pollen grain
• vascular bundles distributed around tissue of stem

Dicots: 2 cotyledons in seeds (part of embryo)

• usually 4 or 5 floral parts
• usually netlike array of leaf veins
• 3 pore in pollen grain
• vascular bundles arrayed as ring in stem

Question 9

who is Carl Linneaus

Answer 9

• gave plant nomenclature know today - Genus and species

Question 10

binomial def’n

Answer 10

• naming using 2 parts- genus and species

Question 11

node

Answer 11

where leaves are attached

Question 12

internode

Answer 12

area between nodes

Question 13

xylem

Answer 13

water- conducting tissue

Question 14

phloem

Answer 14

food- conducting tissue

Question 15

apical meristem

Answer 15

region of actively dividing cells at tip of growing root or stem

Question 16

epidermis

Answer 16

• outer layer of cells on herbaceous plant organ

Question 17

osmosis diffusion

Answer 17

-diffusion of water across a permeable cell membrane that is substance- specific

Question 18

photosynthesis

Answer 18

process which light energy is used to form food (glucose) from CO2 and water

Question 19

chlorophyll

Answer 19

green plant pigment located in chloroplasts

Question 20

what are 2 types of growth patterns/ potential ?

Answer 20

1. determinant- most animals, genetic growth pattern

2. interdeterminant - most plants; growth, # branches not genetically programmed

Question 21

axillary bud

Answer 21

• bud located at axil at base of leaf

Question 22

4 determinants of morphology (appearance) of plant

Answer 22

1. strength/ vigour
2. leaf colour, shape, texture
3. branching patterns
4. variegation

Question 23

what is variegation

Answer 23

• amount chlorophyll / location

- degree of reversion

Question 24

what are 5 types of plants

Answer 24

1. bulbs
2. ground covers, vines
3. herbaceous
4. woody
5. tropical/ temperennials

Question 25

what 4 requirements for plants to grow

Answer 25

1. water 2. sunlight 3. location 4. food/ nutrients

Question 26

what is most important factor plant needs to grow?

Answer 26

water

Question 27

second most important factor for plant to grow?

Answer 27

sunlight: duration, intensity, temp

Question 28

who was first to observe cells under microscope?

Answer 28

- Robert Hooke

Question 29

what is cell theory? cytology?

Answer 29

- concept all living things are composed of one or more cells - study of cells

Question 30

what are 3 parts/ characteristics of cells that are only found in plant cell

Answer 30

1. cell wall 2. chloroplast 3. enlarged vacuole

Question 31

cell wall: purpose, composition, between cells

Answer 31

1. protection support for cell 2. cellulose- microfibrils lignin- hardening, trees heavily ligninified 3. pectin --> jams and jellies

Question 32

cell membrane

Answer 32

- outer boundary of the cell, just inside cell wall

Question 33

cytoplasm

Answer 33

- jelly-like fluid interior of cells--> contains all organelles

Question 34

nucleus

Answer 34

-the "control centre" of the cells --> contains a cells DNA (chromo. )

Question 35

organelles

Answer 35

"little organs" carry out cell functions

Question 36

mitochondria

Answer 36

- power house of cell--> turns food into useable energy (ATP)

Question 37

ribosome

Answer 37

-makes protein

Question 38

Golgi apparatus

Answer 38

-processes, packages and secretes proteins

Question 39

lysosome

Answer 39

- contains digestive enzymes, breaks things down

Question 40

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 40

transport

Question 41

vacuole

Answer 41

stores water & other substance

Question 42

chloroplasts

Answer 42

use sunlight to create food via photosynthesis

Question 43

describe 2 different growth processes

Answer 43

1. Elongation: cellulose microfibrils dictate direction of growth --> cells expand up and down not side to side 2. division : 1 cell --> 2 cells --> 4 cells --> 8 cells all with same genetic information - process of mitosis, doubling of chromosomes & formation of 2 daughter cells

Question 44

what is mitosis

Answer 44

``` genetic info (DNA) copied in each nucleus and 2 new identical daughter cells are formed -PMAT ```

Question 45

where does primary growth occur

Answer 45

- increase in stem length --> apical meristem

Question 46

where does secondary growth occur

Answer 46

thickening --> lateral meristems

Question 47

seed coat characteristics

Answer 47

- dormant,waiting for right conditions to germinate and grow - seed coat= skin= protection

Question 48

describe dicot germination

Answer 48

- radicale (embryonic root) first emerges from germination seed - hook forms in hypocotyl - growth pushes the hook with attached cotyledons and epicotyl above ground - action protects delicate shoot tip as it emerges - tap root system

Question 49

describe monocote germination

Answer 49

- coleoptile (protects young leaves) pushes upward through soil into air - radicle stays in ground, fibrous roots system formed

Question 50

what are 3 basic req'ts for seed germination

Answer 50

1. water 2. temperature 3. oxygen

Question 51

what other seed germination req'ts?

Answer 51

1. time of year 2. light conditions 3. breaking of seed coat- scarification