Quiz 1: Basic plant anatomy, Physiology, prop. & growth Flashcards
break down latin roots of horticuture and meaning
hortus= garden
cultura= cultivate or growth
therefore means to grow a garden
what are 4 criteria to be “living”
- reproduction
- cellular metabolism
- growth
- movements/ response to env’t
what are 7 classifications of life (in correct order) !
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
what are 3 subclassifications in kingdom plantae
- ferns - non flowering spores
- gymnosperms- naked seed
- angiosperm- seed within a vessel
describe characteristics of gymnosperm
- non flowering but produce seed
- usually conifers
- usually have needles or scale- like leaves
- usually evergreen
- softwood
describe characteristics of angiosperm
- flowering plants
- vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants and hardwood trees
what is cotyledon?
- seed leaf= food storage structure in seeds
differences monocots vs dicots
- monocots: only 1 cotyledon in seeds
- usually 3 (or multiple of) floral parts
- parallel array of leaf veins
- one pore in pollen grain
- vascular bundles distributed around tissue of stem
Dicots: 2 cotyledons in seeds (part of embryo)
- usually 4 or 5 floral parts
- usually netlike array of leaf veins
- 3 pore in pollen grain
- vascular bundles arrayed as ring in stem
who is Carl Linneaus
- gave plant nomenclature know today - Genus and species
binomial def’n
- naming using 2 parts- genus and species
node
where leaves are attached
internode
area between nodes
xylem
water- conducting tissue
phloem
food- conducting tissue
apical meristem
region of actively dividing cells at tip of growing root or stem
epidermis
- outer layer of cells on herbaceous plant organ
osmosis diffusion
-diffusion of water across a permeable cell membrane that is substance- specific
photosynthesis
process which light energy is used to form food (glucose) from CO2 and water
chlorophyll
green plant pigment located in chloroplasts
what are 2 types of growth patterns/ potential ?
- determinant- most animals, genetic growth pattern
2. interdeterminant - most plants; growth, # branches not genetically programmed
axillary bud
- bud located at axil at base of leaf
4 determinants of morphology (appearance) of plant
- strength/ vigour
- leaf colour, shape, texture
- branching patterns
- variegation
what is variegation
- amount chlorophyll / location
- degree of reversion
what are 5 types of plants
- bulbs
- ground covers, vines
- herbaceous
- woody
- tropical/ temperennials
what 4 requirements for plants to grow
- water
- sunlight
- location
- food/ nutrients
what is most important factor plant needs to grow?
water
second most important factor for plant to grow?
sunlight: duration, intensity, temp
who was first to observe cells under microscope?
- Robert Hooke
what is cell theory? cytology?
- concept all living things are composed of one or more cells
- study of cells
what are 3 parts/ characteristics of cells that are only found in plant cell
- cell wall
- chloroplast
- enlarged vacuole
cell wall: purpose, composition, between cells
- protection support for cell
- cellulose- microfibrils
lignin- hardening, trees heavily ligninified - pectin –> jams and jellies
cell membrane
- outer boundary of the cell, just inside cell wall
cytoplasm
- jelly-like fluid interior of cells–> contains all organelles
nucleus
-the “control centre” of the cells –> contains a cells DNA (chromo. )
organelles
“little organs” carry out cell functions
mitochondria
- power house of cell–> turns food into useable energy (ATP)
ribosome
-makes protein
Golgi apparatus
-processes, packages and secretes proteins
lysosome
- contains digestive enzymes, breaks things down
endoplasmic reticulum
transport
vacuole
stores water & other substance
chloroplasts
use sunlight to create food via photosynthesis
describe 2 different growth processes
- Elongation: cellulose microfibrils dictate direction of growth –> cells expand up and down not side to side
- division : 1 cell –> 2 cells –> 4 cells –> 8 cells all with same genetic information
- process of mitosis, doubling of chromosomes & formation of 2 daughter cells
what is mitosis
genetic info (DNA) copied in each nucleus and 2 new identical daughter cells are formed -PMAT
where does primary growth occur
- increase in stem length –> apical meristem
where does secondary growth occur
thickening –> lateral meristems
seed coat characteristics
- dormant,waiting for right conditions to germinate and grow
- seed coat= skin= protection
describe dicot germination
- radicale (embryonic root) first emerges from germination seed
- hook forms in hypocotyl
- growth pushes the hook with attached cotyledons and epicotyl above ground
- action protects delicate shoot tip as it emerges
- tap root system
describe monocote germination
- coleoptile (protects young leaves) pushes upward through soil into air
- radicle stays in ground, fibrous roots system formed
what are 3 basic req’ts for seed germination
- water
- temperature
- oxygen
what other seed germination req’ts?
- time of year
- light conditions
- breaking of seed coat- scarification
