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Genetics > Quiz 4 study deck > Flashcards

Quiz 4 study deck Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the amino acid attachment site on tRNA

A

3’ end

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2
Q

What part of the amino acid attaches to the tRNA

A

the carboxyl

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3
Q

What does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase do

A

recognizes specific AA

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4
Q

How much energy does translation use

A

a lot- major consumer of Energy (need to cleave 4 high-energy bonds)

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5
Q

Describe the antiparallel nature of codon recognition and binding

A

mRNA codon is read 5’-3’ by an anticodon that pairs 3’-5’

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6
Q

Where does translation take place

A

on the ribosomes

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of protein synthesis

A

tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, termination

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8
Q

What are the 3 steps of initiation

A

mRNA binds to subunit of ribosome, initiator tRNA binds to mRNA, large ribosome joins complex

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9
Q

What does elongation require

A

70s complex, charged tRNAs, elongation factors, GTP

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10
Q

What 3 sites do ribosomes have

A

APE

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11
Q

Steps in elongation

A

charged tRNA binds to A site, forms peptide bond between A-P site, translocation

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12
Q

When does termination occu

A

when a ribosome translocates to a termination codon

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13
Q

What level does most gene regulation occur at

A

at a transcriptoinal level usually

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14
Q

Contranslational modifications vs posttranslational modifications

A

contranslational: changes to proteins while still attached to ribosome
posttranslational: changes to protein after synthesis is done

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15
Q

Are translated sequences removed the same way or different ways?

A

Translated sequences are trimmed by many different enzymes and by with many different chemical groups

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16
Q

What is a common way that proteins are degraded

A

ubiquitination- label proteins for cellular destruction and rapid degredation

17
Q

What is the primary site of regulation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

transcription

18
Q

What are the regulatory elements

A
  • Regulatory genes
    -Regulatory elements (DNA sequences that aren’t transcribed)
    -Constitutive genes
19
Q

What is an operon

A

group of bacterial genes that are transcribed together (often into a single mRNA)

20
Q

Negative vs positive control of an operon

A

Negative: regulatory protein is a repressor
Positive: Regulatory protein is an activator

21
Q

Describe lactose transport in bacteria

A

Glucose is preferred by bacteria over lactose, but repressor will bind to operator when need to use lactose for fuel

22
Q

Is lactose in the lac operon an inducer or repressor

A

Lactose is the inducer and releases the repressor

23
Q

What type of operon is Trp

A

Negative repressible (encode a reperssor that cannot bind to DNA without activator)
When Trp levels are high, trp binds to repressor and activates, halts transcription

24
Q

What is the stringent response

A

due to lack of amino acids, leads to inhibition of rRNA synthesis

25
Q

What do R proteins have a high affinity for

A

higher affinity for rRNA than mRNA (if rRNA concentration falls then r Protein binds to mRNA (inhibits translation)

26
Q

Are eukaryotic genes organized into operons?

A

nope, only prokaryotes have operons

27
Q

What is the nucleosome position influenced by

A

ATP dependent chromatin remodeling

28
Q

What is chromatin remodeling

A

chromatin remodeling complexes cause conformational change in DNA, nucleosome, or both

29
Q

What is histone modification

A

acetylation, methylation, phosphate group addition, decreases positive charge of proteins which decrease binding strength on DNA

30
Q

What is the change caused by maternal behavior in mice

A

Offspring of moms with high licking and grooming are less fearful as adults and have a different pattern of dna methylation (affects acetylation of histones and alter expression of glucocorticoid receptor genes)

31
Q

Describe the genetics of monozygotic twins over time

A

early in life, DNA methylation and acetylation are similar, but as older, have differences in content and distribution of DNA

32
Q

What are methylation patterns influenced by

A

the environment- twins have same methylation patterns to start and they change over time

33
Q

Describe one process that involves permanent rearrangements of DNA

A

Immunoglobulins are produced by B lymphocytes and recombined to generate specific antibodies

34
Q
A

Genetics (8 decks)

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