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Genetics > Quiz 3 study guide > Flashcards

Quiz 3 study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which carbon on RNA has the hydroxyl group

A

2’

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2
Q

What secondary structure does RNA form

A

hairpin loops

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3
Q

What do ribosomes in RNA do

A

catylitic properties, store and transmit information

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4
Q

rRNA vs mRNA vs tRNA

A

rRNA: structural components of ribosome
mRNA: carries genetic code for protein
tRNA: helps incorportate amino acids into polypeptide chain

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5
Q

where is mRNA located

A

in the nucleus for transcription and then exported to cytoplasm for translation

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6
Q

What is the site of translation

A

ribosomes

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7
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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8
Q

How many ribosomes can be attached to mRNA at one time

A

many

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9
Q

Which subset of RNA contains an anticodon, and what does the anticodon recognize

A

tRNA contains an anticodon, it recognizes the codon on mRNA

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10
Q

function of tRNA and common charachteristics

A
  1. Binds to amino acid, delivers to ribosome
  2. Common secondary structure of cloverleaf
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11
Q

which subset of RNA creates a secondary structure of a cloverleaf

A

tRNA

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12
Q

What is the template for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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13
Q

What carries the genetic information to turn DNA into a ribosome

A

mRNA

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14
Q

what are the 3 primary regions of mRNA

A
  1. 5’ untranslated region (start codon)
  2. protein coding region
  3. 3’ untranslated region
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15
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription in bacteria

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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16
Q

What carries out the required steps of transcription

A

RNA polymerase (5 subunits)I

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17
Q

In bacteria, what does the one RNA polymerase recognize

A

the promotor sequence, synthesizes RNA from 5’–>3’ direction

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18
Q

What are the 2 actions RNA polymerase does

A

read and transcribe

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19
Q

Where does initiation occur

A

at the promotor region

20
Q

What are the sequences that are in nearly all bacteria

A

prinbow box, TATA box

21
Q

What occurs in elongation

A

Polymerase unwinds DNA at leading edge of transcription bubble

22
Q

What stops transcription

A

Transcription stops after terminator has been transcribed

23
Q

What are the 2 bacterial terminators

A

rho independent and rho dependent

24
Q

What is rho-independent termination

A

forms loop and hairpin, inverted repeats

25
Q

What is rho dependent termination

A

A DNA sequence that produces a pause, unstructured RNA serves as Rho binding site

26
Q

What is a Rho protein

A

ATPase, Helicase

27
Q

What is chromatin modifing prior to transcription

A

add acetyl group to DNA to allow it to loosen so RNA polymerase can attach

28
Q

What is the core promotor

A

location where transcription apparatus binds

29
Q

What is regulatory promotor

A

location where trnascriptional activator proteins bind

30
Q

Which promotor impacts the rate at which transcription is initiated

A

regulatory promotor

31
Q

Where do transcriptional activator proteins bind

A

to more distant sequences

32
Q

Enhancer vs silencer

A

Increase rate of transcription vs decrease rate of transcription (at promotor)

33
Q

What is released from the promotor in elongation

A

polymerase released from the promotor and TF left behind.

34
Q

What produces a string of uracils in termination

A

RNA polymerase 3

35
Q

Describe the thyroid hormone cascade

A

TSH releases T4 and T3, effects metabolism, body temperature, etc. Thyroid receptors act as ligands for transcription factors and regulate transcription

36
Q

What does rifamptin do

A

bind to bacterial RNA polymerase, distort enzyme conformation and prevent RNA polymerase from working

37
Q

What transcribes tRNA

A

RNA polymerase 3

38
Q

what synthesizes RNA polymerase 2

A

mRNA

39
Q

What does beta-thalassemia cause

A

causes chronic anemia
caused by incorrect splicing of genes

40
Q

What is the universality of DNA

A

almost all codons specify the same AA in all organisms

41
Q

Silent vs missense vs nonsense

A
  1. changed base, same amino acid
  2. changed base, different AA
  3. changed base, become stop codon
42
Q

What do trinucleotid repeat expansions produce

A

neurological symptoms, multiple copies of same AA in a row.

43
Q

Huntington’s disease characteristics

A
  • Autosomal dominant
    -repeat on HTT gene
  • Gradual onset and progression of dementia/shaking
    3M’s: Mood, movement, memory
44
Q

Myotonic dystrophy characteristics

A
  1. autosomal dominant, mutation leads to splicing error
  2. Muscle weakness, atrophy of faces, cardiac problems
    CTG repeat on ch. 19
45
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

-Large ears/testicles, long face, severe intellectual disability (CGG repeat on X chromosome)

46
Q

Example of insertion/deletion of 3 bases

A

Chromosome 7
cystic fibrosis- autsomal recessive, CFTR gene, obstruct small airways, obstruct GI fun

47
Q

Site of translation

A

ribosomes

Genetics (8 decks)

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