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Anatomy and Physiology > Quiz 4 (Modules 16-19) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 (Modules 16-19) Flashcards

1
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx/hypopharynx

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2
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container (when the volume increases the pressure decreases, and when volume decreases the pressure increases)

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3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing Inhalation and exhalation

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4
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs

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5
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells

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6
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Three bony projections located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities Increase the surface area of the cavities providing a very rich supply of blood that warms and moistens incoming air, and mucus that traps foreign particles

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7
Q

Internal nares

A

Two posterior openings of the nasal cavities that provide a connection between the nose and the pharynx

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8
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses Provide sites for mucus drainage; lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, and provide chambers for speech resonance

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9
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

• Also called hyaline membrane disease (HMD) • Most common cause of death of newborns (especially premature babies) • Caused by a deficient amount of surfactant • Characterized by difficult breathing, which exhausts the infant

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10
Q

Effects of aging on the respiratory system

A

Lung capacity decreases because the airways and tissues of the respiratory tract become less elastic, resulting in more rigidity – oxygen delivery to tissue cells is impaired The elderly are more susceptible to diseases such as pneumonia, emphysema, and bronchitis due to the decrease in activity of the macrophages and ciliary action of the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

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11
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs / The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by forcible expiration after the deepest possible inspiration

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12
Q

Tidal air volume

A

The normal inhalation and exhalation of air into or out of the lungs

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13
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air, over the tidal volume, that can be forced into the lungs

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14
Q

Dead space volume

A

Air in the conducting zone airways that is not in position to contribute to gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood

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15
Q

How is the bulk of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

As the bicarbonate ion(HCO3-) in plasma

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16
Q

The part of the brain which sets the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration

A

Medulla

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17
Q

Parts of the brain which contain all of the respiratory control centers

A

Medulla and pons

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18
Q

Pleurisy

A

Results from an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

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19
Q

Emphysema

A

The condition whereby the respiratory alveoli become enlarged and may be replaced by fibrous tissue

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20
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

Digestion (breaking down large nutrient molecules), absorption, and elimination

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21
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through

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22
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Connects the ileum to the first part of the large intestine; this valve prevents feces from reentering the small intestine

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23
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes; synthesis of certain vitamins (vitamin K and certain B vitamins) by intestinal bacteria; and the elimination of feces (defecation)

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24
Q

Liver function tests

A

Albumin globulinase Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) Bilirubin

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25
Q

The proper name for baby, or milk, teeth

A

Deciduous teeth

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26
Q

The two sphincters that keep food in the stomach during digestion are

A

Cardioesophageal (cardiac) and pyloric sphincters

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27
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by the gastric and duodenal mucosa

Acts to Increase the secretions of the gastric glands

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28
Q

The glands that frequently become inflamed when one gets the mumps

A

Parotid

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29
Q

In general, what is probably the most important factor involved in determining a person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

The amount of thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland

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30
Q

This hormone, produced by the duodenum, causes an increase in the output of bile by the liver and pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions

A

Secretin

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31
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Stimulates the gall bladder to expel stored bile and increases the output of pancreatic juice.

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32
Q

Segmentation (digestion)

A

The movement of chyme backward and forward over the intestinal wall to allow maximum nutrient absorption

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33
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in the stomach

A

release chemical messengers that stimulate the release of gastrin

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34
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Glands in the small intestine that secrete enzymes that chemically digest proteins and carbohydrates

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35
Q

Functions of the Large Intestine

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes; synthesis of certain vitamins (vitamin K and certain B vitamins) by intestinal bacteria; and the elimination of feces (defecation).

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36
Q

The left and right lobes of the liver are separated by:

A

The falciform ligament

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37
Q

What side of the body is the ascending colon on?

A

Right side

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38
Q

What side of the body is the descending colon on?

A

Left side

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39
Q

How do the kidneys help regulate blood pH

A

The kidneys excrete a variable amount of H+ ions into the urine and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) which buffer H+ in the blood

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40
Q

Path of urine drainage in the kidney

A

Collecting duct Papillary duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder

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41
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

First step of urine production Small substances are filtrated from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule (e.g., water, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, uric acid, and creatinine), large molecules are not (e.g. Blood cells and large proteins)

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42
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of the filtered water and many useful solutes and they return to the blood. The return of substances from the filtrate in the tubules to the bloodstream (peritubular capillaries). Most of it occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule Glucose should be completely reabsorbed, 99% of water and sodium is reabsorbed, 50% of urea is reabsorbed Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney and returned to the blood vessels The substances not reabsorbed by kidneys remain in the tubules and become urine

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43
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Renal tubule and duct cells secrete materials such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions, into the fluid

44
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute

45
Q

Effect of angiotensin II on GFR

A

Reduces it Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that narrows afferent and efferent arterioles and reduces renal blood flow

46
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Secreted by cells in the atria of the heart Relaxes the glomerular mesangial cells which increases the capillary surface area available for filtration Increases GFR

47
Q

Diuresis

A

Elevated urine flow rate, which in turn reduces blood volume

48
Q

Diuretics

A

Substances that slow renal reabsorption of water and thereby cause diuresis, which in turn reduces blood volume Caffeine, alcohol, drugs prescribed to treat high blood pressure

49
Q

Renal papillae

A

The tips of the renal pyramids. They point toward the center of the kidney

50
Q

Minor calyces

A

Funnel-shaped structures that surround the tips of each renal pyramid; their function is to collect urine from the ducts of the pyramids

51
Q

Capillary beds in the kidney

A

The kidney is the only organ that has two capillary beds - the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries (blood passing through the glomerulus remains oxygenated)

52
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

The force pushing water and solutes out of the blood therefore no metabolic energy is needed for glomerular filtration

53
Q

Urea

A

A waste product derived from the normal breakdown of amino acids

54
Q

Creatinine

A

A waste product of muscle metabolism – should all be excreted in urine

55
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

This process makes sure that some substances that were reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries are returned to the renal tubules. Important examples include potassium ions, hydrogen ions, uric acid, and ammonia.

56
Q

Uric acid

A

A waste product from the breakdown of nucleic acids.

57
Q

Ammonia

A

A waste product from the breakdown of proteins

58
Q

pH of urine

A

Usually 6 but can range from 4.5 to 8.0

59
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Regulates the levels of urine output: high levels of ADH increase water reabsorption and urine concentration, and lower levels of ADH decrease water reabsorption and dilute the urine

60
Q

Where is ADH synthesized?

A

In the hypothalamus

61
Q

Where is ADH stored before it is secreted into the bloodstream?

A

In the posterior pituitary gland

62
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone that helps to regulate fluid balance - stimulates the distal tubules to reabsorb sodium ions (Na+) and water, and to excrete potassium ions (K+)

63
Q

Aldosterone is released by what glands?

A

Adrenal glands

64
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

Hormone that inhibits the reabsorption of Na+ and water, thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure

65
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Hormone that raises blood pressure by exerting a powerful constrictor effect on the arterioles

66
Q

Blood leaving an afferent arteriole in the kidney would enter which structure next?

A

Glomerulus

67
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme produced by the kidneys that helps to regulate blood pressure by catalyzing a reaction that leads to the formation of angiotensin II

68
Q

Which 2 substances are normally present in the filtrate forced from the glomerular capillaries but does not normally appear in the urine?

A

Glucose and amino acids

69
Q

What substance enters the renal tubule by both filtration and secretion?

A

Creatine

70
Q

How does ADH affect the nephron?

A

ADH increases the permeability of the nephron walls to facilitate the tubular reabsorption of water

71
Q

When you drink alcohol, what is the effect on the production and release of ADH?

A

It decreases

72
Q

Androgen

A

Hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics, and promotes libido

73
Q

Epididymis

A

Coiled tube which collects the sperm cells that are produced by seminiferous tubules – i.e., provides the site for the maturation of the sperm cells and stores sperm for up to two months

74
Q

Vas (Ductus) Deferens

A

A tube that is a direct continuation of the epididymis Passes out of the scrotum and up into the abdominal cavity in the region of the urinary bladder Contains three layers of muscle in its wall that uses peristalsis to move sperm through during ejaculation

75
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Two hollow glands found on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder Each has a duct that joins with each vas deferens Produce slightly alkaline viscous secretions, rich in nutrients (fructose), that are added to sperm to form semen to nourish the sperm

76
Q

Ejaculatory Ducts

A

Formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle duct – 2 cm (1 inch) long; Open into the first part of the urethra

77
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Adds alkaline secretions to semen - helps neutralize acidic vaginal fluid Enhances motility as it acts as a liquefying agent

78
Q

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)

A

Paired glands lying on each side of the urethra Add alkaline secretions to semen that neutralizes acid in the urethra Secretions help to lubricate urethra and end of the penis

79
Q

pH of semen

A

About 7.5 (slightly alkaline to help neutralize vaginal acidity)

80
Q

The accessory structures semen passes by are the:

A

Seminiferous tubules Epididymis (sperm stored until ejaculated) Vas deferens Ejaculatory ducts Urethra (Prostate gland, bulbourethral/Cowper’s glands)

81
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important androgen; Synthesized from cholesterol in the testes

82
Q

Functions of Testosterone

A

Responsible for the normal growth, development and function of the male sex organs, including sperm cell production Develops and maintains male secondary sex characteristics Has an important growth promoting effect by increasing protein synthesis and decreasing protein catabolism Stimulates the descent of testes before birth

83
Q

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

A

Carry ova released from the ovaries to the uterus

84
Q

Infundibulum

A

The funnel-like end of the uterine tube

85
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger-like projections that sweep the ova into the uterine tube

86
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

In the upper third of the fallopian tube

87
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

Innermost layer of the endometrium - sheds during menstruation

88
Q

Pathway of an Ovum

A

The ovum is discharged from an ovary (usually monthly) into the pelvic cavity The finger like projections (fimbriae) of the fallopian tube “sweep” the ovum into the tube Peristalsis of smooth muscle and ciliated epithelium propel the ovum toward the uterus If fertilization has not taken place the ovum is shed during the next menstrual period

89
Q

The menstrual cycle

A

The monthly rhythmical changes in hormonal secretion and endometrial lining of the uterus that occur during the reproductive years of the female

90
Q

2 main events that occur in the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Ovulation 2. Preparation of the endometrium for implantation should the ovum become fertilized
91
Q

3 Stages of the Menstrual Cycle

A

• Menstrual phase (days 1-5) • Proliferative phase (preovulatory phase) (days 5-14) • Secretory phase (days 15-28)

92
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

Starts on the first day of menstruation (menstrual period) Upon withdrawal of hormonal support from the endometrium, the lining that had developed during the preovulatory and progestational phases is shed

93
Q

Proliferative Phase / Preovulatory phase

A

Begins after the menstrual phase (days 5-14) Several ova and their surrounding follicles start to develop under the influence of FSH; only one ovum and its follicle continue to develop the others are repressed The cells of the developing follicle start to secrete estrogens; just prior to ovulation, there is a marked increase in estrogen, which inhibits GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) in the hypothalamus, which inhibits production of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and causes the endometrium to increase in thickness About 24 hours before ovulation, LH (luteinizing hormone) increases and induces ovulation, the cervical mucus becomes thin, stringy and crystalline, which allows sperm cells to pass through easier

94
Q

Ovulation

A

Occurs between the proliferative and the secretory phase: the mature follicle ruptures; the ovum is released and starts to travel to the uterus via the fallopian tube

95
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Between the proliferative and the secretory phase

96
Q

Secretory Phase / Progestational phase

A

Days 15-28 After ovulation, the ruptured follicle stays in the ovary where it increases in size under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone), to become the corpus luteum; If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate resulting in decreased levels of progesterone and estrogens, which cause GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) to increase If fertilization does occur the corpus luteum is maintained

97
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Ruptured follicle from a released ovum, located in the ovary Secretes some estrogens, but mainly progesterone, causing the endometrium to continue to thicken and become more vascular

98
Q

Where are FSH and LH secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary

99
Q

Parturition

A

The act of giving birth

100
Q

The entire process of spermatogenesis, from production of primary spermatocyte to release on immature cells, takes how long?

A

68-74 days

101
Q

The progression of development in spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonium; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatid sperm cell

102
Q

Which structures in the testes produce spermatozoa?

A

Seminiferous tubules

103
Q

Where do spermatozoa complete their maturation

A

In the epididymis

104
Q

The rupture of the Graafian follicle with the release of the oocyte and its associated cells is termed:

A

Ovulation

105
Q

The follicle cells of the ovary produce which hormone?

A

Estrogen

106
Q

The corpus luteum produces which hormone?

A

Progesterone

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