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Anatomy and Physiology > Quiz 3 (Modules 11-15) > Flashcards

Quiz 3 (Modules 11-15) Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic senses

A

Include tactile sensations, thermal sensations, pain sensations, and proprioceptive sensations

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2
Q

Visceral senses

A

Provide information about conditions within internal organs Eg. pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature

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3
Q

Special senses

A

Include the sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

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4
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

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5
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Detect the osmotic pressure of body fluids

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6
Q

Pressure

A

A sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch Occurs with deformation of deeper tissues Receptors for pressure sensation include Meissner corpuscles, Merkel discs, and Pacinian corpuscles

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7
Q

Vibration

A

Sensations that result from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors Receptors for vibration sensations are Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles

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8
Q

Organ of smell

A

Olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin, mucus-secreting epithelial membrane that lines the interior surface of each eyelid and the exposed anterior surface of the eyeball 2 layers: Palpebral conjunctiva, and bulbar conjunctiva

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10
Q

Palpebra

A

Eyelid Protects the eyeball from drying out (dessication)

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11
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

Thicker of the 2 layers of conjunctiva Adheres to the eyelid

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12
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

Transparent Covers the surface of the eyeball (extremely thin at cornea)

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13
Q

3 pairs of cranial nerves that control the extrinsic eye muscles

A

Oculomotor nerves (III) Abducens nerves (VI) Trochlear nerves (IV)

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14
Q

Fibrous layer of the eyeball

A

Outermost layer Consists of the sclera and cornea

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15
Q

Choroid

A

Highly vascular, pigmented layer located between the sclera and the retina in the posterior portion of the eye Brown pigment absorbs excess light rays that might interfere with vision

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16
Q

Ciliary body

A

Ciliary processes secrete aqueous humor Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens

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17
Q

Rods

A

Function in dim light Do not detect fine detail or colour Detect motion

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18
Q

Cones

A

Function in bright light Detect fine detail and colour

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19
Q

Canals of Schlemm

A

Where aqueous humor drains

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20
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness (can focus on close, but not far objects) Light rays focus in front of the retina Usually caused by an eyeball that is too long

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21
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness (can focus on far, but not close objects)

Light rays focus behind the retina

Usually caused by an eyeball that is too short

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22
Q

Glaucoma

A

Caused by intraocular pressure when the drainage of aqueous humor has been blocked

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23
Q

3 bones in the middle ear

A

Malleus Incus Stapes

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24
Q

Semicircular canals of the ear

A

Three oval-shaped canals that contain receptors that detect motion Concerned with equilibrium (balance)

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25
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

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26
Q

Down-regulation

A

If a hormone is present in excess, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease

Makes a target cell less sensitive to a hormone

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27
Q

Up-regulation

A

When a hormone is deficient, the number of target-cell receptors may increase

Makes a target cell more sensitive to a hormone

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28
Q

Circulating hormones

A

Pass from the secretory cells that make them into interstitial fluid and then into the blood

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29
Q

Local hormones

A

Act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them without first entering the bloodstream

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30
Q

Paracrines

A

Local hormones that act on neighboring cells

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31
Q

Autocrines

A

Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

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32
Q

Amino-based hormones

A

Consist of proteins or protein derivatives

Most hormones in the body

React with receptors on the surface of the cell, and reactions are rapid

33
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Synthesized from cholesterol

React with receptor sites inside a cell and reactions are slow

Sex hormones and hormones from the adrenal cortex

34
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates production of sperm in the male

Stimulates maturation of ova and production of estrogen by the ovaries

Secreted by the anterior pituitary

35
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes

Stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries; also stimulates ovulation

Secreted by the anterior pituitary

36
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary gland

Stimulates production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

37
Q

T3 / T4 (Triiodothyronine / thyroxine)

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland

Regulate energy balance; increase rate of protein synthesis; regulates growth

38
Q

Calcitonin

A

Regulates calcium blood levels by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone tissue to blood (decreases blood calcium levels)

Secreted by the thyroid gland

39
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

4 small glands embedded in the thyroid gland

Secrete only PTH (parathyroid hormone), which increases blood calcium levels

40
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Most common is aldosterone

Target cells - kidneys

Regulate water balance in the body

41
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Most common is cortisol

Increase blood sugar levels

Inhibit inflammation and immune response

42
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Special tissue in the pancreas that produces insulin and glucagon

43
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans

Lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose transported into cells

44
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans

Increases blood glucose

Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream

45
Q

Thymus gland

A

Site of production of T cells (involved with immunity)

Secretes thymosin, which regulates the development and function of the immune system

46
Q

Pineal gland

A

Affects biorhythms (rates of secretion of other hormones)

Secretes melatonin

47
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Produced by epidermal cells in the skin

Stimulates active transport of dietary calcium into the bloodstream

48
Q

Anastomosis

A

The union of the branches of two or more arteries (or veins) supplying the same body region Provides alternative routes for blood to reach a tissue or organ

49
Q

Collateral circulation

A

The alternative route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis

50
Q

End artery

A

An artery that does not anastomose

51
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries Sinusoids

52
Q

Portal vein

A

A vein that transports blood from one capillary network into another

53
Q

Bulk flow

A

A passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction (high pressure to lower pressure). Important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

54
Q

Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid

A

Filtration

55
Q

Pressure-driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries

A

Reabsorption

56
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood that circulates through systemic or pulmonary blood vessels each minute (total blood flow) CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)

57
Q

Blood flow

A

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period (in mL/min)

58
Q

Systolic BP

A

The highest pressure attained in arteries during systole

59
Q

Diastolic BP

A

The lowest arterial pressure during diastole

60
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular contraction

61
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricular relaxation

62
Q

Vascular resistance depends on

A

Size of lumen Blood viscosity Total blood vessel length

63
Q

Shock

A

Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs Inadequate blood flow to body tissues

64
Q

4 different types of shock

A

Hypovolemic shock - due to decreased blood volume Cardiogenic shock - due to poor heart function Vascular shock - due to inappropriate vasodilation Obstructive shock - due to obstruction of blood flow

65
Q

Causes of hypovolemic shock

A

Acute hemorrhage Loss of body fluids through excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, urination Inadequate intake of fluid

66
Q

Valve between R atrium and R ventricle of the heart

A

Tricuspid valve

67
Q

Valve between L atrium and L ventricle of the heart

A

Mitral valve

68
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve

69
Q

Normal pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

70
Q

Age related changes affecting the heart include

A

Thickening of valve flaps Atherosclerosis Decline in cardiac reserve

71
Q

The lubb heard during a heart beat (S1) is due to

A

AV valves closing

72
Q

The dubb heard during a heart beat (S2) is due to

A

Semilunar valves closing

73
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by inefficient blood delivery to the heart muscle

74
Q

3 arteries that branch off the top of the aortic arch

A

Left common carotid artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain Left subclavian artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the arms Innominate artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the upper chest

75
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Lymphatic tissue in the small intestine - control the large numbers of bacteria. They prevent bacteria from penetrating the intestinal wall

76
Q

Buboes

A

Buboes are infected lymph nodes. Normally, the lymph nodes trap and destroy antigens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). However, the nodes do not always win the battle and the nodes become very swollen

77
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A severe reaction to something that causes the bronchioles in the lungs to constrict – severe anaphylaxis can result in death

78
Q

Difference between lymph nodes and lymphatic nodules

A

Lymphatic nodules are not surrounded by a capsule

79
Q

Plasmin

A

The enzyme that hydrolyzes fibrin, resulting in the breakdown of blood clots

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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