Quiz 4- Lec 1-2 Flashcards
1) Anat term/Gait Cycle 2) Integumentary
which aspect of foot is hidden in anatomical position?
plantar
which plane divides body into top/bottom halves?
horizontal / transverse/ axial planes
axial skeleton of lower limb: components
L4, L5 vertebra, sacrum, coccyx
appendicular skeleton of lower limb:
ox coxae, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, foot bones
basic compartments of ANTERIOR lower limb (superior to inferior)
(1) hip/coxal (2) thigh/femoral (3) knee/genus (4) leg/crus (5) ankle/talus (6) dorsum (7) foot/pes
basic compartments of POSTERIOR lower limb (superior to inferior)
(1) gluteal (2) thigh/femoral (3) knee/genus - calf/sural (4) leg/crus (5) ankle/talus (6) calcaneal (7) plantar (8) foot/pes
what is the proximal part of the free limb?
thigh
define “flexion”
decrease in joint angle between 2 embryologically VENTRAL/ANTERIOR surfaces being brought closer together
define “extension”
increase in joint angle; in which 2 embryologically VENTRAL surfaces are brought further apart
Which anterior compartments are FLEXORS?
hip/coxal
Which anterior compartments are EXTENSORS?
thigh, leg, dorsum of foot
Which posterior compartments are FLEXORS?
thigh, leg, plantar aspect of foot
Which posterior compartments are EXTENSORS?
Gluteal
Flexion of the ankle is…
Plantar flexion (pointing); decreasing the joint angle between 2 embryologically ventral surfaces
Extension of the ankle is…
Dorsiflexion is increasing the joint angle between 2 embryologically ventral surfaces
3 possible pairs of hip movements
(1) flexion/extension (2) abduction/adduction (3) internal/external rotation
how many axes needed for hip movements?
3 axes of rotation; defined as having 2 points, or forming a line
Which hip joint axis is associated w/ FLEXION/EXTENSION?
mediolateral/transverse axis
Which plane is associated w/ FLEXION/EXTENSION?
sagittal/median plane
Which hip joint axis is associated w/ ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION?
anterioposterior axis
Which plane is associated w/ ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION?
frontal/coronal plane
Which hip joint axis is associated w/ INTERNAL(medial)/EXTERNAL (lateral) rotation?
longitudinal axis of the thigh
Which plane is associated w/ INTERNAL(medial)/EXTERNAL (lateral) rotation?
horizontal/transverse/axial plane
Match movement with axis. What is the plane?
Flexion/extension; sagittal/median plane
Match movement with axis. What is the plane?
Abduction/adduction; frontal/coronal plane
Match movement with axis. What is the plane?
internal/external rotation; horizontal/transverse/axial plane
which axis is associated with flexion/extension of the KNEE?
mediolateral/transverse axis
in which plane does flexion/extension of the KNEE occur?
sagittal/median plane
match the movement and plane of movement with the following image of knee
flexion/extension; w/in sagittal/median plane
what axis is associated with plantar flexion/dorsiflexion of the ANKLE?
oblique mediolateral/transverse axis
in which plane does plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the ANKLE occur?
oblique sagittal/median plane
match the movement and plane of movement with the following image of the ANKLE
plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion; w/in oblique sagittal/median plane
drawing toes back towards shins is called:
dorsiflexion
pointing your toes is called:
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion is (EXTENSION/FLEXION)
EXTENSION
plantar flexion is (FLEXION/ EXTENSION)
FLEXION
what is the embryologically-ventral surface of the FOOT?
plantar aspect
what is the embryologically-ventral surface of the LEG?
posterior calf
inversion of foot is similar to (SUPINATION/PRONATION)
supination (towards midline)
eversion of foot is similar to (SUPINATION/PRONATION)
pronation (away from midline)
axis of rotation for abduction/adduction of the toes is what?
2ND DIGIT
where is center of gravity located?
midsagittally and slightly anterior to 2nd sacral vertebrae
where does line of gravity lie in relation to hip, knee and ankle joints?
- Hip - sl posterior to hip joint
- Knee - anterior to knee
- Ankle - anterior to ankle by ~2 inches
Line of gravity tends to convey the following effects at the hip, knee, and ankle joints:
1) Hyperextend the hip
2) Hyperextend the knee (bc anterior to the transverse)
3) dorsiflex the ankle
what muscle(s) limit HIP HYPEREXTENSION?
2 muscles
- Iliofemoral ligament (Y ligament of Bigelow)
- Ischiofemoral ligament
what muscle(s) limit KNEE HYPEREXTENSION?
- intracapsular/extracapsular ligaments providing posterior support
- gastrocnemius
what muslce(s) limit ankle dorsiflexion?
active plantar flexors (i.e. Triceps surae, which is the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles)
What defines a gait cycle?
one stride or 2 steps
traditional gait cycle (order) - stance phase
- initial contact /heel strike (0%)
- foot flat (7%)
- midstance (30%)
- heel off (40%)
- toe off (60%)
traditional gait cycle (swing phase) - order
- acceleration
- midswing
- deceleration
which forces act together to form the Ground Reaction Force (GRF)?
- gravitational
- muscular
- momentum
which force(s) act together during standing?
just gravitational force
during which phases in stance phase have GRF forces pointing UPWARDS?
initial contact, midstance, toe off
during which of the stance phase is the GRF line pointing down towards the ground?
flat foot, heel off
which muscle groups are recruited at each joint to offset GRF during INITIAL CONTACT/HEEL STRIKE?
- At hip - hip extensors
- At knee - knee extensors
- At ankle - ankle dorsiflexors
which muscle groups are recruited at each joint to offset GRF during MIDSTRIKE (one limb off the ground)?
- Hip abductors (gluteus maximus/minimus) - on the stance side prevents the pelvis on the swing side from sagging
- Knee extensors are active
- Plantar flexors stabilize the ankle
define compensatory trendelenburg gait
*Gait functions as ABDUCTORS that are not working
• Trendelenburg test/sign to see if there is drooping on the opposite side; pt may fall or need to grab the table
compensatory trendelenburg gait: for left side is affected
No pelvix drop/tilt on right side while the right limb is in the swing phase; trunk shifted to the left
which muscle groups are recruited at each joint to offset GRF during TOE-OFF?
- Hip - hip flexors
- Knee - knee extensors
- Ankle - ankle plantar flexors
CC: apropulsive or calcaneal gait
weakness of the ankle plantar flexors can result in insufficient propulsion;
there will be no toe-off, but the entire foot will leave the ground at once
