quiz 4 - integumentary & skeletal systems Flashcards
components of integumentary system
skin (cutaneous membrane), hair, oil glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors
what are the functions of integumentary system
temperature regulation, blood storage, protection, sensation detection, excretion and absorption, vitamin D synthesis
cells that make up epidermis
keratinocytes, intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells), melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
which epidermal cell produces lamellar granules
keratinocytes
which epidermal cells do phagocytosis (immune response)
intraepidermal macrophages/langerhans cells
which epidermal cells produce pigment and protect from UV damage
melanocytes
which epidermal cells detect touch
tactile epithelial disks/merkel cells
_____ is the movement of cells from one epidermal layer to the next
keratinization
what are the 4 layers of thin skin
stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
what are the 5 layers of thick skin
stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
this layer of epidermis has a cytoskeleton/tonofilaments/keratin intermediate filaments
stratum basale
this layer of epidermis has a role in forming new cells (does mitosis)
stratum basale
lamellar granules that make a lipid rich secretion are present in the keratinocytes of which layer of epidermis
stratum granulosum
this layer of epidermis has lots of keratin, is only present in thick skin, and provides toughness
stratum lucidum
this layer of epidermis cells are thin & flat, enclosed by a plasma membrane filled with lots of keratin, and no longer contain a nucleus or organelles. friction stimulates increased cell & callus production.
stratum corneum
this layer of epidermis has up to 50 layers of mostly dead, flat, keratin containing cells
stratum corneum
this layer of cutaneous membrane is made up of dense irregular connective tissue, contains collagen and elastic fibres, and has a papillary and reticular region
dermis
what are the 2 layers of the dermis
papillary and reticular
which region of dermis contains collagen and elastic fibres, free nerve endings, capillary loops, Meissner’s corpuscles/tactile receptors, and helps with adhesion and nutrients
papillary region
which region of dermis is also considered part of the subcutaneous layer, has areolar and adipose tissue, stores fat, contains large blood vessels that supply skin, and lamellated/pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors)
reticular region
melanocytes contain _____ which synthesizes melanin
melanosome
t/f: pigment responsible for skin colour and hair colour is due to how many melanocytes are present
FALSE. due to amount of melanin produced
which layer of skin are tactile discs found
epidermis
which layer of skin are meisner’s touch corpuscles found
dermis
which layer of skin are pacinian corpuscles found
dermis and hypodermis
what can the skin absorb
lipid based materials (vitamins DEAK), gases (O2, CO2), toxins, topicals (steroids aka cortisone)
enzymes in the liver and kidneys aid in calcium absorption as a result of ____
vitamin D
______ enhances phagocytic activity, regulates immune function, reduces inflammation
vitamin D
hair is made up of…
keratinized epidermal cells bonded by extracellular proteins
_____ of the hair is made up of 2-3 rows of irregularly shaped cells containing pigment
medulla
_____ of the hair has shingles (free edges towards the end of hair)
cuticle
this part of the hair arises from stratum basale and is responsible for growth of hair and production of new hair when old hair sheds
hair matrix
these 2 things are associated with hairs
sebaceous glands and smooth muscle (arrector pili)
what surrounds each hair follicle and is sensitive to touch
hair root plexus
these hormones are produced by male and female gonads during puberty and are responsible for pattern of hair growth
androgens
this type of hair is nonpigmented, present by 5 months in utero, and is replaced by terminal hair prior to birth in eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp
lanugo
this hair type is coarse and heavily pigmented
terminal hair
this hair type replaces lanugo (other than that of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes) until puberty, when androgens cause it to be replaced by terminal hair
vellus
hair can be different colours because of ____
amount of melanin in keratinized cells
types of glands associated with skin
sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous
sebaceous glands are usually associated with ______ (except in the genitals, mouth, eyelids)
hair
sebaceous glands usually lie in the dermis and open into ______
the neck of hair follicles
this type of glands are absent in the palms and soles of feet
sebaceous (because thick skin does not have hair)
sweat glands are also called
sudoriferous glands
what are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands
eccrine and apocrine
which type of sweat glands is more common
eccrine
these sweat glands are found especially in the forehead, palms, and soles and do thermoregulation & emotional sweating
eccrine glands
the sweat produced by these glands has H2O, some ions (Na+, Cl-), urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, lactic acid and NO lipids or proteins
eccrine glands. Note that apocrine glands have the exact same things, but also lipids and proteins.
these sweat glands only do emotional sweating (not thermoregulation), open into hair follicles, has a yellowish colour due to lipids and proteins, are found in axilla and groin, and only function after puberty
apocrine
this type of gland produces a waxy lubricating secretion. it is essentially a modified sweat gland found in the external ear that functions to protect the ear canal from bacteria and fungi, and keeps water out
ceruminous glands
this sweat gland begins functioning shortly after birth
eccrine
this sweat gland begins functioning after puberty
apocrine
nails are made up of WHICH tightly packed together epidermal cell
keratinized epidermal cells
where in the nail does cell division occur to produce new nails
nail matrix
the whitish crescent moon shaped area on the nail is called the ____
lunula
the thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge (white part) of the nail that secures the nail to the fingertip is called the _____
hyponychium
the skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium is called the _____
nail bed
the cuticle (stratum corneum of the epidermis) is also called the ____
eponychium
the functions of nails are to
protect distal ends of digits, provide support and counter pressure to palmar surface of fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation, help grasp and manipulate objects, allow scratching/grooming of body
2 types of wound healing
epidermal (scrapes), deep wound healing
abrasions and minor burns are which type of wound healing
epidermal
_________ wound healing involves detached basal cells enlarging and migrating towards each other until contact inhibition occurs. At this point, the relocated basal epidermal cells divide to thicken the new skin
epidermal
what are the 4 stages of deep wound healing
inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation
in this phase of deep wound healing, a blood clot forms around the wound edges, inflammation occurs to help eliminate microbes/foreign material/dying tissue, and blood vessels dilate and increase permeability
inflammatory
in this phase of deep wound healing, the blood clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells migrate towards each other (until contact inhibition) beneath the scab to bridge the wound, fibroblasts migrate along the fibrin and synthesize scar tissue, damaged bld vessels grow, and granulation tissue fills the wound
migratory
in this stage of deep wound healing, there is extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab and deposition of collagen fibres in random patterns via fibroblasts (they’re so derpy they just shoot collagen out everywhere)
proliferative phase
in this stage of deep wound healing, the scab sloughs off, blood vessels are restored, the collagen becomes more organized, and there are less fibroblasts
maturation phase
what is the difference between keloid scars and hypertrophic scars
keloid scars do not stay within the boundaries of the original wound
functions of skeletal system
support soft tissues, protection of internal organs, assist in movement, mineral homeostasis (storage and release), blood cell production, triglyceride storage
developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of fibres make up _____
red bone marrow
the shaft of long bones is called the
diaphysis
the proximal and distal ends of long bones where they articulate with other bones is called the
epiphysis
the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) made up of hyaline cartilage, which becomes the epiphyseal line in mature adults, is found within the
metaphysis
what type of cartilage is articular cartilage
hyaline
the connective sheath and it’s blood supply that surrounds the bone surface is called the
periosteum
the cavity found within the shaft of long bones that contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels is called the
medullary cavity
the membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and small amount of connective tissue is called the
endosteum
the connective tissue sheath that protects bones, assists in # healing, nourishment, and serves as an attachment point for muscles, and is attached to bone via perforating fibres is called the
periosteum
the periosteum has 2 layers:
outer fibrous layer made up dense irregular connective tissue, inner osteogenic layer of cells that enables bone to grow in thickness
the combo of calcium phosphate (the most abundant mineral in bones) and calcium hydroxide is called
hydroxyapatite
when the mineral salts in bones are deposited in a framework of collagen fibres in the ECM, they crystallize which hardens the tissues in a process known as _______, which is initiated by osteoblasts
calcification
what gives bones strength
hydroxyapatite
what gives bones flexibility
collagen
this type of bone cell is unspecialized and the ONLY bone cell to undergo cell division. it is found along the inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, and canals that contain blood vessels. it develops into an osteoblast.
osteoprogenitor cells
this type of bone cell builds bone, synthesizes and secretes collagen and other components of ECM for bone tissue, initiates calcification, and develops into osteocytes
osteoblast cells
this mature bone cell maintains daily metabolism, and develops from osteoblasts
osteocytes
this large bone cell made up of up to 50 monocytes is like a zamboni that does bone resorption
osteoclasts
what is the strongest form of bone tissue found beneath the periosteum. It protects, supports, and resists stresses of weight and movement
compact bone
what are the basic units of compact bone
osteons
what are the 4 parts that make up an osteon
lamella, lacunae, canaliculi, central canal
this part of the osteon has rings that give bones hardness and compressive strength
lamella
this part of the osteon is the spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes (like little lakes)
lacunae
this part of the osteon is the canals that branch off from the lacunae. filled with ECF, and contain processes of osteocytes, and they communicate via gap junctions
canaliculi
this part of the osteon contains blood vessels and nerves
central canal
another word for osteon is
haversian system
volkmann’s/perforating canals connect with the canals of the medullary cavity and periosteum, and central canals, and are also known as ____
interosteonic canals
Which canals run perpendicular to the bone
Volkmann’s canal
