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AP 1 > quiz 4 - integumentary & skeletal systems > Flashcards

quiz 4 - integumentary & skeletal systems Flashcards

1
Q

components of integumentary system

A

skin (cutaneous membrane), hair, oil glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors

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2
Q

what are the functions of integumentary system

A

temperature regulation, blood storage, protection, sensation detection, excretion and absorption, vitamin D synthesis

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3
Q

cells that make up epidermis

A

keratinocytes, intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells), melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)

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4
Q

which epidermal cell produces lamellar granules

A

keratinocytes

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5
Q

which epidermal cells do phagocytosis (immune response)

A

intraepidermal macrophages/langerhans cells

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6
Q

which epidermal cells produce pigment and protect from UV damage

A

melanocytes

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7
Q

which epidermal cells detect touch

A

tactile epithelial disks/merkel cells

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8
Q

_____ is the movement of cells from one epidermal layer to the next

A

keratinization

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9
Q

what are the 4 layers of thin skin

A

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

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10
Q

what are the 5 layers of thick skin

A

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

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11
Q

this layer of epidermis has a cytoskeleton/tonofilaments/keratin intermediate filaments

A

stratum basale

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12
Q

this layer of epidermis has a role in forming new cells (does mitosis)

A

stratum basale

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13
Q

lamellar granules that make a lipid rich secretion are present in the keratinocytes of which layer of epidermis

A

stratum granulosum

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14
Q

this layer of epidermis has lots of keratin, is only present in thick skin, and provides toughness

A

stratum lucidum

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15
Q

this layer of epidermis cells are thin & flat, enclosed by a plasma membrane filled with lots of keratin, and no longer contain a nucleus or organelles. friction stimulates increased cell & callus production.

A

stratum corneum

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16
Q

this layer of epidermis has up to 50 layers of mostly dead, flat, keratin containing cells

A

stratum corneum

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17
Q

this layer of cutaneous membrane is made up of dense irregular connective tissue, contains collagen and elastic fibres, and has a papillary and reticular region

A

dermis

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18
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

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19
Q

which region of dermis contains collagen and elastic fibres, free nerve endings, capillary loops, Meissner’s corpuscles/tactile receptors, and helps with adhesion and nutrients

A

papillary region

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20
Q

which region of dermis is also considered part of the subcutaneous layer, has areolar and adipose tissue, stores fat, contains large blood vessels that supply skin, and lamellated/pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors)

A

reticular region

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21
Q

melanocytes contain _____ which synthesizes melanin

A

melanosome

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22
Q

t/f: pigment responsible for skin colour and hair colour is due to how many melanocytes are present

A

FALSE. due to amount of melanin produced

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23
Q

which layer of skin are tactile discs found

A

epidermis

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24
Q

which layer of skin are meisner’s touch corpuscles found

A

dermis

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25
Q

which layer of skin are pacinian corpuscles found

A

dermis and hypodermis

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26
Q

what can the skin absorb

A

lipid based materials (vitamins DEAK), gases (O2, CO2), toxins, topicals (steroids aka cortisone)

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27
Q

enzymes in the liver and kidneys aid in calcium absorption as a result of ____

A

vitamin D

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28
Q

______ enhances phagocytic activity, regulates immune function, reduces inflammation

A

vitamin D

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29
Q

hair is made up of…

A

keratinized epidermal cells bonded by extracellular proteins

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30
Q

_____ of the hair is made up of 2-3 rows of irregularly shaped cells containing pigment

A

medulla

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31
Q

_____ of the hair has shingles (free edges towards the end of hair)

A

cuticle

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32
Q

this part of the hair arises from stratum basale and is responsible for growth of hair and production of new hair when old hair sheds

A

hair matrix

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33
Q

these 2 things are associated with hairs

A

sebaceous glands and smooth muscle (arrector pili)

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34
Q

what surrounds each hair follicle and is sensitive to touch

A

hair root plexus

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35
Q

these hormones are produced by male and female gonads during puberty and are responsible for pattern of hair growth

A

androgens

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36
Q

this type of hair is nonpigmented, present by 5 months in utero, and is replaced by terminal hair prior to birth in eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp

A

lanugo

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37
Q

this hair type is coarse and heavily pigmented

A

terminal hair

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38
Q

this hair type replaces lanugo (other than that of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes) until puberty, when androgens cause it to be replaced by terminal hair

A

vellus

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39
Q

hair can be different colours because of ____

A

amount of melanin in keratinized cells

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40
Q

types of glands associated with skin

A

sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous

41
Q

sebaceous glands are usually associated with ______ (except in the genitals, mouth, eyelids)

A

hair

42
Q

sebaceous glands usually lie in the dermis and open into ______

A

the neck of hair follicles

43
Q

this type of glands are absent in the palms and soles of feet

A

sebaceous (because thick skin does not have hair)

44
Q

sweat glands are also called

A

sudoriferous glands

45
Q

what are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

46
Q

which type of sweat glands is more common

A

eccrine

47
Q

these sweat glands are found especially in the forehead, palms, and soles and do thermoregulation & emotional sweating

A

eccrine glands

48
Q

the sweat produced by these glands has H2O, some ions (Na+, Cl-), urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, lactic acid and NO lipids or proteins

A

eccrine glands. Note that apocrine glands have the exact same things, but also lipids and proteins.

49
Q

these sweat glands only do emotional sweating (not thermoregulation), open into hair follicles, has a yellowish colour due to lipids and proteins, are found in axilla and groin, and only function after puberty

A

apocrine

50
Q

this type of gland produces a waxy lubricating secretion. it is essentially a modified sweat gland found in the external ear that functions to protect the ear canal from bacteria and fungi, and keeps water out

A

ceruminous glands

51
Q

this sweat gland begins functioning shortly after birth

A

eccrine

52
Q

this sweat gland begins functioning after puberty

A

apocrine

53
Q

nails are made up of WHICH tightly packed together epidermal cell

A

keratinized epidermal cells

54
Q

where in the nail does cell division occur to produce new nails

A

nail matrix

55
Q

the whitish crescent moon shaped area on the nail is called the ____

A

lunula

56
Q

the thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge (white part) of the nail that secures the nail to the fingertip is called the _____

A

hyponychium

57
Q

the skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium is called the _____

A

nail bed

58
Q

the cuticle (stratum corneum of the epidermis) is also called the ____

A

eponychium

59
Q

the functions of nails are to

A

protect distal ends of digits, provide support and counter pressure to palmar surface of fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation, help grasp and manipulate objects, allow scratching/grooming of body

60
Q

2 types of wound healing

A

epidermal (scrapes), deep wound healing

61
Q

abrasions and minor burns are which type of wound healing

A

epidermal

62
Q

_________ wound healing involves detached basal cells enlarging and migrating towards each other until contact inhibition occurs. At this point, the relocated basal epidermal cells divide to thicken the new skin

A

epidermal

63
Q

what are the 4 stages of deep wound healing

A

inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation

64
Q

in this phase of deep wound healing, a blood clot forms around the wound edges, inflammation occurs to help eliminate microbes/foreign material/dying tissue, and blood vessels dilate and increase permeability

A

inflammatory

65
Q

in this phase of deep wound healing, the blood clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells migrate towards each other (until contact inhibition) beneath the scab to bridge the wound, fibroblasts migrate along the fibrin and synthesize scar tissue, damaged bld vessels grow, and granulation tissue fills the wound

A

migratory

66
Q

in this stage of deep wound healing, there is extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab and deposition of collagen fibres in random patterns via fibroblasts (they’re so derpy they just shoot collagen out everywhere)

A

proliferative phase

67
Q

in this stage of deep wound healing, the scab sloughs off, blood vessels are restored, the collagen becomes more organized, and there are less fibroblasts

A

maturation phase

68
Q

what is the difference between keloid scars and hypertrophic scars

A

keloid scars do not stay within the boundaries of the original wound

69
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

support soft tissues, protection of internal organs, assist in movement, mineral homeostasis (storage and release), blood cell production, triglyceride storage

70
Q

developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of fibres make up _____

A

red bone marrow

71
Q

the shaft of long bones is called the

A

diaphysis

72
Q

the proximal and distal ends of long bones where they articulate with other bones is called the

A

epiphysis

73
Q

the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) made up of hyaline cartilage, which becomes the epiphyseal line in mature adults, is found within the

A

metaphysis

74
Q

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage

A

hyaline

75
Q

the connective sheath and it’s blood supply that surrounds the bone surface is called the

A

periosteum

76
Q

the cavity found within the shaft of long bones that contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels is called the

A

medullary cavity

77
Q

the membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and small amount of connective tissue is called the

A

endosteum

78
Q

the connective tissue sheath that protects bones, assists in # healing, nourishment, and serves as an attachment point for muscles, and is attached to bone via perforating fibres is called the

A

periosteum

79
Q

the periosteum has 2 layers:

A

outer fibrous layer made up dense irregular connective tissue, inner osteogenic layer of cells that enables bone to grow in thickness

80
Q

the combo of calcium phosphate (the most abundant mineral in bones) and calcium hydroxide is called

A

hydroxyapatite

81
Q

when the mineral salts in bones are deposited in a framework of collagen fibres in the ECM, they crystallize which hardens the tissues in a process known as _______, which is initiated by osteoblasts

A

calcification

82
Q

what gives bones strength

A

hydroxyapatite

83
Q

what gives bones flexibility

A

collagen

84
Q

this type of bone cell is unspecialized and the ONLY bone cell to undergo cell division. it is found along the inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, and canals that contain blood vessels. it develops into an osteoblast.

A

osteoprogenitor cells

85
Q

this type of bone cell builds bone, synthesizes and secretes collagen and other components of ECM for bone tissue, initiates calcification, and develops into osteocytes

A

osteoblast cells

86
Q

this mature bone cell maintains daily metabolism, and develops from osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

87
Q

this large bone cell made up of up to 50 monocytes is like a zamboni that does bone resorption

A

osteoclasts

88
Q

what is the strongest form of bone tissue found beneath the periosteum. It protects, supports, and resists stresses of weight and movement

A

compact bone

89
Q

what are the basic units of compact bone

A

osteons

90
Q

what are the 4 parts that make up an osteon

A

lamella, lacunae, canaliculi, central canal

91
Q

this part of the osteon has rings that give bones hardness and compressive strength

A

lamella

92
Q

this part of the osteon is the spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes (like little lakes)

A

lacunae

93
Q

this part of the osteon is the canals that branch off from the lacunae. filled with ECF, and contain processes of osteocytes, and they communicate via gap junctions

A

canaliculi

94
Q

this part of the osteon contains blood vessels and nerves

A

central canal

95
Q

another word for osteon is

A

haversian system

96
Q

volkmann’s/perforating canals connect with the canals of the medullary cavity and periosteum, and central canals, and are also known as ____

A

interosteonic canals

97
Q
A
98
Q

Which canals run perpendicular to the bone

A

Volkmann’s canal

AP 1 (5 decks)

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