Quiz 1 Flashcards
define anatomy
the science of body structures and the relationships among them
define physiology
the science of body functions
6 levels of organization
chemical, cells, tissue, organs, systems, organisms
what makes up an organ
2 or more different tissue types
name the 11 body systems
muscular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, skeletal, lymphatic, integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular
components of integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands
functions of integumentary system
protection, temperature regulation, waste elimination, vitamin D, sensory detection, fat storage, provides insulation
components of skeletal system
bones, joints and associated cartilages
functions of skeletal system
provides support for the body, surface for muscles to attach to, mineral and lipid storage, has cells that produce blood cells
components of muscular system
skeletal muscle tissue
functions of muscular system
movement, posture, produces heat
components of nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, specific sense organs (eyes, ears)
functions of nervous system
action potential to regulate homeostasis, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contraction and gland secretion
components of the endocrine system
hormone producing glands (pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes)
function of the endocrine system
regulates homeostasis via hormone release
components of cardiovascular system
heart, blood, blood vessels
functions of cardiovascular system
pumps blood; circulates O2 and nutrients throughout the body via blood throughout the body; carries out CO2 and wastes, regulates pH, temp, water, defence, repair
components of lymphatic system
lymph, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells for immune response (T and B cells)
functions of lymphatic system
returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells
components of respiratory system
lungs and their passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes)
functions of respiratory system
transfers O2 from inhaled air to blood, transfers CO2 from blood to exhaled air, regulates pH, produces sound via air passing through larynx
components of digestive system
GI organs; mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus; includes accessory organs - salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
functions of digestive system
chemical and physical breakdown of food, absorb nutrients, eliminate solid wastes
components of urinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
functions of urinary system
produces, stores and eliminates urine; regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain pH, mineral balance, production of RBC
components of reproductive system
gonads and accessory organs
functions of reproductive system
produce gametes (sperm/oocytes), form new organisms, release hormones that regulate reproduction
characteristics of living organisms
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes in the body
catabolism
the breakdown of chemical substances into simpler components
anabolism
the building up of chemical substances from simpler components
responsiveness (characteristic of living things)
the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
differentiation (characteristic of living things)
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state (ex. stem cell to muscle cell)
stem cells
cells that can divide and undergo differentiation to become many types of different cells
reproduction (characteristic of living things)
formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual
homeostasis
the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes
which body systems regulate homeostasis
nervous and endocrine
what are the 3 components of homeostasis that occur with a stimulus
receptor, control centre, effector
negative feedback loop
when the response to a stimulus reverses the change that has disrupted homeostasis. ex. exercise causes BP to go up - negative feedback loop REVERSES this change by getting BP back to its set point (120/80)
positive feedback loop
when the response enhances the stimulus that disrupted homeostasis, until the body reaches the terminus.
disorder
any abnormality of function or structure
what is the key difference between signs and symptoms
signs you can measure, symptoms you cannot. signs are objective and visible, symptoms are subjective
epidemiology
science that deals with why, when, and where disease occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
medial abdominopelvic regions (superior to inferior)
epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region
lateral regions (superior to inferior) **note that the answer list 3 but there is a right side and left side so 6 regions total
left + right hypochondriac region, L + R lumbar region, L + R iliac region
example of an organ found in left upper quadrant (LUQ)
spleen
example of organs found in right upper quadrant (RUQ)
liver, gallbladder
example of organ found in right lower quadrant (RLQ)
appendix
example of organ found in left lower quadrant (LLQ)
sigmoid colon
which landmark transversely divides the body into upper and lower quadrants
belly button
2 types of body fluid
intracellular fluid (ICF) - found within cells and extracellular fluid (ECF) - found outside the cells
types of extracellular fluid
interstitial fluid (between cells), blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor and vitreous body (eyes)
dorsal body cavities
cranial and vertebral
ventral body cavities
thoracic, abdominopelvic
thoracic body cavities
pleural, pericardial, mediastinum
abdominopelvic cavities
abdominal, pelvic
what divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
pleura
lung
membrane
thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures
serous membrane
covers walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
2 layers of serous membrane that are filled with serous fluid
parietal (lines the cavity) and visceral (covers the organ)
3 serous membranes
pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
pericardium
serous membrane that lines the chest wall and heart
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and viscera (organs)
retroperitoneal organs
organs found within the abdominopelvic cavity that are within the parietal membrane, but do not have visceral membrane surrounding them
what does the parietal pericardium line
the wall of the pericardial cavity
what does the visceral pericardium line
the heart wall
what does the mediastinum contain
tubes for the heart and lungs
radiograph/x-ray
1st step in diagnostic imaging because it’s quick and cheap. good for bones, bad for soft tissues
MRI
no radiation. good for bones and soft tissue. the gold standard because you can see everything all at once
CT
can see bone and soft tissue very well, but not at the same time. has radiation, but less so than x-ray
ultrasound
can look at tendons and soft tissue. difficult to read
