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Chem > Quiz 4 chemistry > Flashcards

Quiz 4 chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Exogenous substances that must be eliminated (xenobiotics)

A

toxins

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2
Q

examples of exogenous toxins

A

microbial metabolites, man made chemicals

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3
Q

Endogenous substances from digestion, energy, metabolism, tissue regeneration

A

toxins

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4
Q

examples of endogenous toxins

A

ammonia

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5
Q

toxins that can be absorbed through the skin, GI tract and lungs

A

exogenous toxins

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6
Q

the process of transforming + removing harmful substances from the body

A

detoxification

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7
Q

Phases of detox: heavy metals

A

sequestriation in soft stissues/bone –> mobilization and elimination

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8
Q

Phases to detox: oxygen radicals

A

free radical quenching–> antioxidant cycling

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9
Q

Phases of detox: ammonia

A

mobilization (glu/gln)—> conversion or direct elimination

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10
Q

Phases of detox: organotoxins (non-polar)

A

redox reactions to introduce function groups –> conjugation reactions to assist mobilization and elimination

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11
Q

phases of detox: organotoxins (polar)

A

conjugation and mobilization or direct elimination

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12
Q

common clinical clues that point to toxic effects

A

(1) degeneration of hair, skin, nails, mucous membranes, and reproductive function (2) multiple chemical sensitivity or multisensory sensitivity.

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13
Q

Hormesis model

A

biphasic responses to a substance.

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14
Q

PCP

A

pesticides used as a wood preservative

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15
Q

Phthalate esters

A

used in plastic wrap foods

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16
Q

First priority when looking at detoxification

A

assessment of oxidation and NH3 status

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17
Q

High 80HDG indicates

A

PUFA and DNA oxidative damage because the ability to neutralize free radicals has been exceeded

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18
Q

NH3 rises from

A

processing of AA and intestinal bacterial metabolism

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19
Q

urinary orotate, citrate, cis-aconitate, and isocitrate are markers for

A

hepatic/renal ammonia/nitrogen metabolism

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20
Q

non-pola organix toxins are lipophilic and accumulate in

A

fat

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21
Q

Frequent cite of toxin accumulation

A

ECM (extracellular matrix)

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22
Q

metallothionein is a

A

metal binding protein

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23
Q

metallothionein is abundant in

A

the kidneys where it sequesters essential elements to prevent them from spilling into the urine

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24
Q

toxicity is

A

binding to critical sites of enzymes, DNA or transport/regulatory proteins

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25
Q

low metallotionein levels may indicate

A

low toxic/nutrient metal intake or chronica inability to form this protein

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26
Q

High metallothionein may indicate

A

recent ingestion of zinc or other nutrients

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27
Q

methyl mercury accumulates in

A

astrocytes

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28
Q

Organotoxins

A

Xylene, phthalates

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29
Q

Organotoxins metabolism

A

promptly removed from body fluids, converted to derivatives and stored in fat

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30
Q

Organotoxins measurement in body fluids

A

only measures recent exposure

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31
Q

Xylene

A

most common organic solvenets released into the environmnet

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32
Q

High 2-methylhippurate indicates

A

xylene exposure b/c liver oxidizes and conjugates xylene to form methylhippurate

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33
Q

people have lower clearance of xylene when they

A

smoke and consume alcohol

34
Q

esters of 1,2 benzenedicarboxyl acidwith alcohol that have 4-15 carbon atoms long

A

phthalates

35
Q

phthalates are widely used in

A

plastic, cosmetics, other convenience items.

36
Q

steroid hormone disrupters

A

phthalates

37
Q

Increases felxibility in plastics

A

DEHP

38
Q

MEOHP and MEHHP are sensitive biomarkers of

A

DEHP

39
Q

Product of glycation

A

AGE

40
Q

Cooking methods to reduce AGEs

A

1) cooking with moist heat 2) using shorter cooking temperatures 3) cooking at lower temperatures 4) use of acidic ingredients such as lemon juice or vinegar

41
Q

Can cause vascular stiffening, oxidant stress, stimulate cytokines to produce inflammatory responses, some synthetic AGE-breaking compounds buy may present further risk of toxicity

A

AGE, ALES

42
Q

RAGE

A

receptors of AGE, regulate physiological effects

43
Q

____ can remove reactive carbonyl compounds before turned into AGE/ALES

A

Phase 1 and 11 detoxing

44
Q

Activation of lysosome/proteasome degradation pathways can help remove

A

AGE/ALEs

45
Q

Heme is required at the activation sites of emzymes (4)

A

oxygen binding, oxidizing systems, hemoglobin (protein myoglobin) cytochromes (like ETC and phase I detox)

46
Q

A macrocylic, iron-sequestering molecule synthesized in most human tissues but primarily in the liver and bone marrow via the porphyrinogen pathway

A

heme

47
Q

Porphyrins are ____porphyrinogens

A

oxidized, they have escaped from the pathway

48
Q

The final phase of metal incorporation into protoporphyrin rings inserts

A

FE to create heme, Co to create cobalamin or MG to create chlorophyll in plants.

49
Q

Porphyrinogen pathways involves __ enzymes

A

8

50
Q

porphyrinogen pathway begins and ends in the

A

mitochondria

51
Q

glycine + succinyl CoA–> ALA is step (1) requires

A

P5P - step 1

52
Q

Formation of heme starts with… (where all-carbon molecules in heme come from)

A

glycine and succinyl CoA

53
Q

ATP needed to create active ALA synthase

A

2

54
Q

ALAS1 is formed in the

A

hepatic

55
Q

ALAS2 is formed in the

A

bone marrow/erythroid tissue

56
Q

Decreased iron intake will slow production of

A

ALAS2

57
Q

Excessive heme production converts heme to hemin which blocks the activity of

A

ALAS1

58
Q

5 beta-reduced steroid hormones stimulate synthesis of ala synthase to increase

A

heme synthesis

59
Q

ALA + ALA –>

A

porphobilinogen

60
Q

2 ALA molecules are condensed into porphobilinogen by

A

delta-ALA dehydratase

61
Q

Zinc-containing enzyme located in cytosol, sensitive to lead that replaces zinc

A

D-ALA dehydratase

62
Q

Uropophyrinogen III -> Coproporphyrinogen III occurs in the

A

cytosol

63
Q

toxin that can lead to an accumulation of uroporphyrin III, heptacobyxyporphyrin, pentacarboxylporphyrin - intereferes with (UROD)

A

Arsenic

64
Q

Interferes with the last decarboxylation reaction of UROD leading to accumulation of pentacarboxynporphrin

A

Mercury

65
Q

CPOX can be impaired by

A

mercury and lead

66
Q

Interference with CPOX leading to accumulation of coproporphyrin III

A

mercury and lead

67
Q

Copropophyrinogen III enters the

A

mitochondria

68
Q

Protoporphyrin IX accepts Fe2+ to form

A

Ferrous heme

69
Q

formation of ferrous heme requires

A

ascorbic acid and cysteine as reductants

70
Q

Enzyme for protoporphyrinogen IX–>protoporphyrin

A

PPOX- protophyrinogen oxidase

71
Q

Cyclic compounds that bind metal ions, type of metalloprotein

A

porphyrins and porphyrinogens

72
Q

are porphyrin precursors which are the colorless reduced forms of porphyrins

A

porphyrinogens

73
Q

Cyclic molecules formed by the linkage of 4 pyrrole rings through methenyl bridges

A

porphyrin and porphyrinogen structure

74
Q

Porphyria

A

purple color of porphyrins in the urine of some patients with defects in heme synthesis

75
Q

All porphyrin are irreversible removed from the heme biosyntehsis pathway where they can accumulate as intermediate porphyrins of the corresponding name EXCEPT

A

Protoporphyrin IX

76
Q

before Protoporphryin IX, the last before heme is

A

protoporphyrinogen IX

77
Q

Worsened by low carb diets, meal skipping, alcohol, RX with sulfa, estroben, BCPs, toxins

A

porphyrias

78
Q

Absence of heme leads to an increase synthesis of

A

ALAS and activity of ALAS

79
Q

elevations of urinary penta, precopro and copro in autistic children may correlate with

A

mercury

80
Q

heme transporter, regulates movement of copro III into mitrocondria

A

ABCB6

81
Q

Less hemoglobin, less ability to oxygenate, less able to remove CO2 and less ability to carry H+

A

When porphyrins accumulate, it indicates

82
Q

decreased ability to detoxify endogenous and exogenous toxins with less

A

cytochrome P450 enzymes

Chem (4 decks)

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