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quiz 4 chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

are a family of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown.

A

P450 enzymes

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2
Q

Protection from toxins include

A

Barries, metabolic transformation and mobilization of toxins for excretion

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3
Q

Phase I detox ( in liver)

A

oxidation step converting toxins into substance containing a hydroxyl group (-OH)

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4
Q

Phase II detox (in liver)

A

conjugation reaction adding compounds (gly, So4, met, etc) to products from phase 1 to make the substace water soluble for excretion?

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5
Q

Creating more easily removable compounds that can be excreted from the system

A

metabolic transformation, phase 1 and phase 2 detox

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6
Q

Reduce ability of toxins to penetrate into system

A

barriers

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7
Q

exretion occurs in GI tract, kidney, skin and lungs

A

mobilization of toxins from excretion

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8
Q

Most endogenous/exogenouse toxins cleared through

A

liver phase 1/2

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9
Q

acetaminophen does not need to be cleared through phase but can go direction in phase

A

phase 1, phase 2

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10
Q

detox mechanisms include

A

(1) enhanced tolerance (2) induced mobilization (3) increase metabolic conversion rates (4) induce extretion of toxins

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11
Q

exogenous toxins are found high in

A

brain, bone

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12
Q

endogenous toxins may have systemic effects

A

increase ROS in most cells

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13
Q

GI microbial toxins

A

high OA overgrowth from bactreia or fungi

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14
Q

Total toxin exposure

A

exogenous, microbioal, endogenous

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15
Q

NH3 exceeding urea cycle capacity leads to high

A

orotate

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16
Q

plasma ammonia levels

A

an important evaluation of toxicity from NH3 that can occur in liver and kidney

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17
Q

Creatinine can indicate

A

kidney damage from autoimmune disease or toxicity

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18
Q

excretes bilirubin

A

glucuronidation

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19
Q

what can lead to elevated NH3

A

high bacterial markers, exercise,

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20
Q

amonia clearance requires

A

ATP, MN and MG

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21
Q

high orotate and citrate in urine =

A

low arg

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22
Q

things that depress liver function

A

infections by virus, bacteria or parasites, drugs, toxins, excess alcohol

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23
Q

3 classes of biotransformation enzymes

A

oxygen radical conversion, ammonia removal, immunocompetence

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24
Q

toxins must pass through the _____ memembrane to enter the cell for phase I and II detox to occur

A

hepatocytes plasma

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25
Q

toxins enter hepatocyte plasma via

A

(1) passive diffusion (2) active transporters such as OAT, OATP and NTCP

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26
Q

when the hepatocyte is funcioning optimally, toxin intake rates

A

parralel hepatic clearance rates

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27
Q

liver phase 1 (3 steps)

A

oxidation, reduction (less commmon and important) and hydroxylation and hydroplysis

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28
Q

hydroxylation occurs via

A

cytochrome P450 monooxygenases

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29
Q

hydroxylation detoxes many

A

drugs and steroids

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30
Q

CYP enzymes

A

most importnat detox enzymes

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31
Q

detox of carcinogens and toxins

A

CYP1A1

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32
Q

activation of carcinogenic amines and aflatoxin B

A

CYP1A2

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33
Q

involved in biotransformation of many drugs

A

CYP1A4

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34
Q

Involved in oxidation of volatile environmental chemicals and anesthetics

A

CYP2E1

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35
Q

Monooxygenase

A

what makes every compound more water soluble

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36
Q

What is always at the core of Cytochrome P450

A

iron

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37
Q

add OH to toxins using NADPH as a source of reducing equivalents

A

Cytochrome P450

38
Q

CYP2E1 vs CYP1A2 both detox acetaminophen, caffeine but E1 also detoxes

A

alcohol

39
Q

measuring detox with non toxic coumpounds for phase 2

A

acetaminophen and salicylic acid

40
Q

measuring detox with non toxic compounds for phase 1

A

caffeine

41
Q

if caffine clearance is HIGH

A

liver is removing caffeine

42
Q

most xenobotics are___ which means tehy will accumulate in

A

non-polar, adipose tissue

43
Q

treating low rate of caffeine clearance

A

derease toxic exposure, increase enzymes with high quality protein, Fe, b2 and vitamin C

44
Q

nutrients required to maitain P450 activiity

A

B3 and MG

45
Q

required for phase 11 detoxification of billirubin, steroids and drugs like morphone

A

required for phase 11 detoxification of billirubin, steroids and drugs like morphone

46
Q

the major and most common route for xenobiotic phase II metabolism and accounts for majority of conjugated metabolites found in urine and bile

A

glucuronidation

47
Q

glucuronidation: UGTA1 acts on

A

bilirubin, estradiol, estrogenic steroids

48
Q

Glucuronidations: UGT2B4 acts on the

A

highest number of subtrates including bile acid, morphine and codieine

49
Q

small molecules that can bind to proteins and stiumlate an immune response

A

Haptens - related to glucuronidation

50
Q

natural compounds in glucorinations (vits and minerals

A

ALL FAT SOLUBE, A, K, D, E, steroids, hormones, bile acids, bilirubin, estrogens, melatonin

51
Q

GSTM1 acts on

A

nitrourea and mustrad type anticancer drugs

52
Q

GSTT2 metabolizes

A

small organi molecules such as solvents, halo carbons and elecrtophillic compounds

53
Q

aliphatic or aromatic halogen substituted hydro carbons are conjugated with

A

glutathione

54
Q

the conjugation of halon/hydrocarbons with glutathione turns into

A

mercapturic acid

55
Q

major enzyme in detoxification

A

GST

56
Q

bioactivation and detoxification of xenobiotics in food, tobacco, smoke, ETOH, pesticides, drugs, environmental pollutants, antitumor agents

A

GST

57
Q

Glutathione S transferase

A

GST

58
Q

3 types of GST

A

cytosolic, mitochondrial, microsomal

59
Q

Transforms steroids, catecholamines, thyroxine, bile acids, phenolics and other xenobiotics

A

Sulfate conjugation

60
Q

Acts on thyroid hormone (SULT1

A

B1)

61
Q

most sulfase conjugates are qwater soluble and eliminated in the….. but steroids are typically excreted into the….

A

bile

62
Q

major biotransmformation for xenobotic carboxylic acids is through conjugation with

A

glucuronic acid or glycine

63
Q

benzoic acid and hetero cyclic aromatic acids favor detoxification via

A

glycine conjugation

64
Q

primary cite for acetylation

A

liver

65
Q

phenyl acetate is conjugated with

A

glutamine

66
Q

precursor for hepatic sulfate formation

A

cystine

67
Q

COMT is dependant on what mineral

A

MG

68
Q

biomethylation reduces toxicity of

A

arsenic

69
Q

low caffeine clearance

A

low phase 1 detox, slow P450

70
Q

high caffeine clearance

A

P450 induction

71
Q

Acetaminophen, sulface, glucuronide low

A

low phase II detox

72
Q

Phase 1/phase II ration high

A

increased risk of carcinogenesis chemical sensitivity

73
Q

Cys/sulfate ratio high

A

impaired sulfoxidation

74
Q

Cys (plasma) high

A

impaired sulfoxidation

75
Q

sulfate (plasma) low

A

GSH deficiency

76
Q

oxygen radical quenching

A

water soluble antioxidants

77
Q

Ammonia clearance nutrient intervention

A

L-arginine, A-KG, MG, MN

78
Q

Phase I bio-transformation nutrient intervention

A

lipoic acid, antioxidant protection

79
Q

phase II bio-transformation nutrient intervention

A

N-acetylcysteine, taurine, NaSo4

80
Q

sulfoxidation nutrient intervention

A

Mo, Cu, Fe, MGso4

81
Q

Sulfation nutrient intervention

A

N-acetylcystein, MGSO4, cystein with care

82
Q

glucuronidation nutrient intervention

A

lower drug dosing

83
Q

glycine conjugation, nutrient intervention

A

glycine, Vitamin B3 ( i think)

84
Q

Phase I/Phase II nutrient intervention

A

N-Acetylcysteine, glycine, vitamin B3 ( i think), antioxidants

85
Q

kidney nutrient intervention

A

low protein diet

86
Q

liver nutrient intervention

A

low protein diet

87
Q

sulfur amino acids nutrient intervention

A

amino acids, n-acetylcysteine, taurine

88
Q

Glycine nutrient intervention

A

glycine, n-acetylcysteine

89
Q

essential element nutrient intervention

A

mineral supplements and dietary modifications

90
Q

antioxidant vitamins low nutrient intervention

A

antioxidant rich foods and supplements

91
Q

ETOH–> acetalaldehyde requires what nutreints

A

NAD+

92
Q

Acetalaldehyde oxized- acetate

A

NAD+

Chem (4 decks)

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