NRSG200 > QUIZ 4 > Flashcards
QUIZ 4 Flashcards
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram
Echo
echocardiogram
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
ED
emergency department or erectile dysfunction
EEG
electroencephalogram
EMS
emergency medical services
EMT
emergency medical technician
ENT
ears, nose, and throat
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD
end stage renal disease
ETT
endotracheal tube
ETA
estimated time of arrival
ETOH
alcohol (ethanol)
FBS
fasting blood sugar
Fe
iron
FFP
fresh frozen plasma
FiO2
fraction of inspired oxygen
FUO
fever of unknown origin
Fx
fracture
g
gram(s)
GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
gm
gram
gtt(s)
drop(s)
GU
genitourinary
GYN
gynecology
Hct
hematocrit
HDL
high density lipoprotein
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose and throat
Hgb
hemoglobin
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HOB
head of bed
H&P
history and physical
HPI
history of present illness
HR
heart rate
HS
hour of sleep
HTN
hypertension
Hx
history
absorption
process by which drug passes into bloodstream. unless administered directly into blood, absorption is the first step in movement of drug in the body. correct form of drug must be administered thru correct route for absorption to occur.
rate of absorption is variable.
variables affecting: food, acid medium in the stomach, first-pass effect, heat for IV drugs speeds it up, cold slows down. drugs can be absorbed in intestine/mouth
adverse effect
more severe side effect that may justify the discontinuation of a drug. report adverse rxns to health care provider (may discontinue or change the dosage)
agonist
when a drug produces the same type of response as the physiological or endogenous substance. ex: epinephrine-like drugs act on heart to increase HR
anaphylactic reaction
severe allergic reaction that usually occurs immediately after administration of a drug. response can be fatal if symptoms are not noticed immediately/treated promptly. earliest symptoms = subjective feeling of swelling in mouth/tongue, acute shortness of breath, acute hypotension, tachycardia
antagonist
drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites. prevents natural body substances or other drugs from activating functions of cell by occupying receptor sites. ex: naloxone (Narcan) is an opioid antagonist used as an antidote for respiratory depression caused by an opioid drug (e.g. morphine). this drug competes with opioid receptor sites in brain and thereby prevents opioid from binding to its receptors. by blocking effect of opioid, respiratory depression is reversed.
buccal
pertaining to the cheek.
in buccal drug administration, a medication e.g. a tablet, is held in mouth against mucous membranes of cheek until drug dissolves. may act locally on mucous membranes of mouth or systemically when it is swallowed in saliva
drug allergy
immunologic reaction to a drug. when client is first exposed to a foreign substance (antigen), the body may react by producing antibodies. client can react to a drug in the same manner and thus develop symptoms of allergic reaction.
can be mild or severe. mild = skin rashes, diarrhea. occurs anytime from few minutes to 2 weeks after drug. severe = occurs immediately after administration and is called anaphylactic reaction.
drug interaction
occurs when administration of one drug before, at the same time as, or after another drug alters the effect of one or both drugs. interactions may be beneficial or harmful. effect of one or both drugs may be increased (potentiating effect) or decreased (inhibiting effect). when two of the same types of drug increase the action of each other, its called additive.
drug toxicity
harmful effects of a drug on an organism or tissue. results from overdosage, ingestion of a drug intended for external use, or buildup of drug in blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion (cumulative effect). some toxic effects show immediately, some show after weeks/months. mostly avoidable if paying careful attention to dose/monitoring patient’s condition. ex: respiratory depression due to cumulative effect of morphine sulfate in body
distribution
the transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action. mostly carried to vascular organs (liver, kidneys, brain). skin & muscles receive drug later.
ex: fat-soluble drugs distributed to fatty tissue, other drugs bind with plasma proteins
excretion
process by which metabolites and drugs are eliminated from the body.
most are eliminated by kidneys in urine, some in feces/breath/perspiration/saliva/breast milk. some drugs like anesthetic agents are excreted unchanged via respiratory tract. efficiency of excretion by kidneys diminishes with age. (give old ppl smaller doses to prevent drug/metabolite accumulation)
gauge of shaft
aka diameter of shaft. varies from #18 to #30. larger the gauge number, smaller the diameter of the shaft. smaller gauge produces less tissue trauma, but large gauge is necessary for viscous meds, ie penicillin.
subcutaneous inj = #24-#26 gauge, 3/8-5/8 inch long. *obese clients may require longer needle (1inch).
IM injection = 1 - 1.5 inch needle with #20-#22 gauge. slender adults/children require shorter needle.
generic name
assigned by US adopted names council (USAN) and is used throughout the drug’s lifetime.
intramuscular
into a muscle
intradermal
under the epidermis (into the dermis)
intravenous
into a vein
medication reconciliation
according to Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI): the process of creating the most accurate list possible of all medications a patient is taking. includes drug name, dosage, frequency, route - and compare the list against the physician’s admission, transfer, discharge orders with goal of providing correct meds to pt at all transition points within hospital.
prevents adverse drug events (ADEs). over half of med errors occur when clients transition in care.
joint commission requires med rec to occur at admission and at discharge.
metabolism
process by which a drug is converted to a less active form. aka biotransformation aka detoxification. mostly takes place in liver where drug metabolizing enzymes in cells detoxify the drugs. products of this are called metabolites: can be active or inactive (active has pharmacologic action, inactive does not). metabolism altered if: very young, old, unhealthy liver (watch for drug toxicity in your patients)
parenteral
this route is defined as other than through the alimentary or respiratory tract; that is, by needle. common routes for parenteral: subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous
PRN order
aka as-needed order. permits the nurse to give a medication when in the nurse’s judgment, the client requires it. ex: Amphojel 15mL prn.
nurse must use good judgment about when med is needed and when it can be safely administered.
side effect
aka secondary effect. an effect that is unintended. they are usually predictable and may be harmless or harmful. ex: digitalis increases strength of myocardial contractions (which is the desired effect) but can also induce nausea/vomiting.
some side effects are tolerated for the drug’s therapeutic effect, more severe side effects are adverse effects/reactions and when this happens, drug may need to be discontinued.
single order
aka one-time order. it’s for medication to be given once at a specified time. ex: Seconal 100mg at bedtime before surgery
standing order
may or may not have a termination date. standing order may be carried out indefinitely until an order is written to cancel it, or it may be carried out for a specific number of days. ex: multiple vitamins daily. ex2: KCl twice daily x2 days. in some agencies, standing orders are auto cancelled after specific number of days and must be reordered.
sublingual
drug is placed under tongue where it dissolves. in relatively short time, drug is largely absorbed into blood vessels on underside of tongue. sublingual medication should not be swallowed. ex; nitroglycerin is commonly giving sublingually
subcutaneous
(hypodermic) is into subcutaneous tissue just below skin
synergistic effect
occurs when two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug. ex: probenecid blocks excretion of penicillin, can be given with penicillin to increase blood levels of penicillin for longer periods.
topical
applications that are applied to a circumscribed surface area of the body. affect only the area to which they are applied. including: dermatologic preparations (applied to skin), instillations and irrigations (applied to body cavities/orifices ie urinary bladder/eyes/ears/nose/rectum/vagina), inhalations (administered into respiratory tract by nebulizer or positive pressure breathing apparatus)
trade name
sometimes called the brand name. the name given by drug manufacturer and identifies it as property of that company. this is usually shorter and easy to remember. when under patent production, company markets drug under trade name. when no longer protected, company may market drug under generic or trade name. one drug may be manufactured by several companies and have several trade names. ex: hydrochlorothiazide (generic name) is known by trade names Esidrix and HydroDIURIL.
therapeutic effect
also referred to as desired effect. it’s the primary effect intended, that is, the reason the drug is prescribed. ex: therapeutic effect of morphine sulfate is analgesia, and therapeutic effect of diazepam is relief of anxiety.
effects can be palliative, curative, supportive, substitutive, chemotherapeutic, or restorative.
