QUIZ 1 Flashcards
attentive listening
listening actively, using all senses, as opposed to listening passively with just the ear
Ex: don’t react quickly, don’t interrupt, ask questions to clarify, empathic presence (SOLER: face person Squarely, Open posture, Lean towards person, Eye contact, Relaxed
elderspeak
speech style similar to babytalk; gives the message of dependence and incompetence to older adults
Ex: terms of endearment (honey, sweetie), inappropriate plural pronoun (are we ready for our bath?), tag questions (you want to wear this dress) and slow/loud speech
empathy
the ability to discriminate what the other person’s world is like and to communicate to the other this understanding in a way that shows that the helper understands the client’s feelings and the behavior and experience underlying these feelings
Ex: trying to understand another’s position
proxemics
the study of distance between people in their interactions
Ex: intimate (0-1.5 ft). personal (1.5-4 ft). social (4-12 ft). public(12 ft+)
afebrile
absence of a fever
Ex: someone with a temperature of 98 degrees farenheit
apical pulse
a central pulse located at the apex of the heart
Ex: locate apical pulse at fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line
apnea
a complete absence of respirations
Ex: sleep apnea; episodes of no breathing during sleep evidenced by daytime sleepiness, loud snoring, restless sleep
arrhythmia
an irregular heart rhythm
Ex: atrial fibrilation (chaotic fast heart rhythm)
auscultatory gap
the temporary disappearance of sounds normally heard over the brachial artery when the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure is high, followed by the reappearance of sounds at a lower level
Ex: diminished/absence of Korotkoff sounds when manually taking BP, occurs primarily in hypertensive pts
basal metabolic rate
the rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities such as breathing
Ex: amount of calories or rate of energy needed to breathe
bradycardia
abnormally slow pulse rate, Ex: less than 60bpm
core temperature
the temperature of the deep tissues of the body (e.g., abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity). when measured orally, the average body temperature of an adult is between 36.7 celsius and 37 celsius (98 and 98.6Fahrenheit)
ex: abdominal core temp of patient is 98F
fever
elevated body temperature
ex: pt with upper respiratory infection has temp of 101F
orthostatic hypotension
decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
Ex: pt feels lightheaded when getting up from seated position
pulse deficit
the difference between the apical pulse and the radial pulse
Ex: with dysrhythmia, heart can contract ineffectively, resulting in beat at apical site but no pulsation at radial pulse
pulse pressure
the difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure. normal pulse pressure is 40mmHg but can be as high as 100mmHg during exercise
Ex: if BP is 120/80, 120-80=40mmHg as pulse pressure
point of maximal impulse
the point where the apex of the heart touches the anterior chest wall and heart movements are most easily observed and palpated
Ex: taking apical pulse at this point
surface temperature
the temperature of tissue, the subcutaneous tissue, and fat
Ex: inside, temp is usually 98F. surface temp can rise outside in the heat. core temp would remain constant.
tachycardia
an abnormally rapid pulse rate; Ex: greater than 100bpm
tachypnea
normal breathing pattern, abnormally fast respirations; Ex: usually more than 24 respirations per minute
tidal volume
the volume of air that is normally inhaled and exhaled
Ex: adult takes in 500mL air during normal inspiration and expiration
active immunity
a resistance of the body to infection in which the host produces its own antibodies in response to natural or artificial antigens
Ex: antibodies formed in presence of active infection of the body (known as natural active immunity) or antibodies formed in response to a vaccine or toxoid (known as artificial active immunity)
airborne precautions
used for clients known t o have or suspected of having serious illnesses transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns
Ex: measles, varicella, TB are all airborne precautions. must wash hands before and after contact, wear N95 mask
asepsis
freedom from infection or infectious material
Ex: cleaning down bedside table/call button
bacteremia
bacteria in blood
Ex: staphylococcus aureus presence in blood from skin wound or respiratory tract infection
colonization
the presence of organisms in body secretions or excretions in which strains of bacteria become resident flora but do not cause illness
Ex: E coli normally reside and colonize in intestines without causing illness (cause illness if it moves somewhere else like bladder and causes UTI)
contact precautions
used for clients known or suspected to have serious illnesses easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contact with items in the client’s environment (GI, respiratory, skin, or wound infections, etc.)
Ex: VRE, E. coli, shigella, Hep A. place client in private room, hand hygiene before and after, wear gloves, wear gown if possibility of splashing or contact of infected surfaces
cultures
laboratory cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium
Ex: scientist can grow a culture of a virus on agar plate to study growth
granulation tissue
young connective tissue with new capillaries formed in the wound healing process. replaces damaged tissue. it’s fragile, gelatinous, appears pink or red, later the tissue shrinks and collagen fibers contract and a firm fibrous tissue remains (aka a scar).
Ex: scars formed where a wound was on the arm after a laceration
inflammation
local and nonspecific defensive tissue response to injury or destruction of cells. adaptive mechanism that destroys or dilutes the injurious agent, prevents spread of injury, and promotes repaired tissue damage. (characterized by 5 signs: pain, swelling, redness, heat, impaired function)
Ex: ankle swelling after a sprain, redness and warmness present
leukocytosis
an increase in the number of white blood cells
Ex: typically for WBC count greater than 10k. pt with an upper respiratory infection has elevated leukocyte levels
medical asepsis
all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and spread of microorganisms. objects after medical asepsis are considered “clean” meaning absence of almost all microorganisms
Ex: cleaning a patient’s room, hand hygiene
nosocomial infection
infections that originate in a hospital
Ex: catheter associated UTI after insertion in hospital. no presence of infection until 48 hours after admission
passive immunity
passive (acquired) immunity: a resistance of the body to infection in which the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source
Ex: antibodies are transferred through mother to baby by placenta (passive natural) or from an animal to a human by injecting immune serum antibody (passive artificial)
surgical asepsis
practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; also called sterile technique
Ex: free the equipment of microorganisms. ex use sterile technique for urinary catheter insertion and with sterile dressing changes
septicemia
occurs when bacteremia results in systemic infection
Ex: UTI reaches blood and causes systemic infection
standard precautions
the risk of caregiver exposure to client body tissues and fluids rather than the suspected presence or absence of infectious organisms determines the use of clean gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection
Ex: hand hygiene, PPE (gloves, gowns, eyewear, mask), safe injection practices, safe handling of potentially infected equipment, respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
asphyxiation
lack of oxygen due to interrupted breathing
Ex: when foreign object is lodged in someone’s throat and they start choking
carbon monoxide
an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that is very toxic
Ex: exposure causes symptoms like headaches, dizziness, weakness. can be from all gas powered vehicles like lawn mowers, kerosene stove, barbecues, burning wood
chemical restraint
medications used to control socially disruptive behavior
Ex: benzodiazepines, antipsychotics (FDA has not approved any chemical restrains in USA)
physical restraint
any manual method or physical or mechanical device, material, or equipment attached to a client’s body that cannot be removed easily and that restricts the client’s movement
Ex: attaching wrist restrains to pt who keeps tugging at NG tube
seizure
a sudden onset of excessive electrical discharges in one or more areas of the brain
Ex: myoclonic seizure evident by muscle jerks
seizure precautions
safety measures taken to protect clients from injury should they have a seizure
Ex: wearing alert bracelet, teaching about factors that may precipitate a seizure to pt
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
A&O
alert and oriented
AB
abortion
ac
before meals
AC
antecubital
ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme
ACS
acute coronary syndrome
ADA
American Diabetes Association
ADHD
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
ADL
activities of daily living
AED
automatic external defibrilator
ad lib
as desired
ADH
anti diuretic hormone
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
afib
atrial fibrilation
AICD
automatic internal cardiac defibrillate
AKA
above knee amputation
ALS
advanced life support
AMA
against medical advice
amb
ambulance/ambulatory
ant
anterior
AP
anteroposterior
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
AROM
active range of motion
ASA
aspirin
ASD
atrial septal defect
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
AU
both ears
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
ABG
arterial blood gas
boundaries
boundaries are defined by Boyd as limits of individuals, objects, or relationships
Ex: declining invitation to go out with patient, not accepting monetary gifts
bullying
workplace bullying is defined as “repeawted, unreasonable actions of individuals (or a group) directed towards an employee (or groups of employees) which are intended to intimidate, degrade, humiliate, or undermine; or which create a risk to the health or safty of the employee(s). perpetrator is usually at a higher level of power (actual or perceived) than victim.
Ex: harassing, threatening someone
emotional intelligence
the ability to form work relationships with colleagues, display maturity in a variety of situations, and resolve conflicts while taking into consideration the emotions of others. people with this are viewed as mature, approachable, easygoing.
Ex: someone resolves conflicts well while taking into consideration other’s feelings
incivility
rude or disruptive behavior that may result in psychological or physiological distress for the people involved, and if left unaddressed, may progress into threatening situations. (ranges from distracting, annoying, irritating behaviors to bullying, menacing, potentially violence)
Ex: eye rolling, sarcastic comments
lateral violence
physical, verbal, or emotional abuse or aggression directed at RN coworkers at the same organizational level. it usually includes verbal or nonverbal (rather than physical) aggressive behaviors. examples of these behaviors include gossiping, verbal abuse (speech that is intended to humiliate or embarrass another person), withholding information, snide remarks, abrupt responses, sabotage, scapegoating, not available to help, complaining to others about one individual, ostracism, and failure to respect the privacy of others
Ex: gossiping, verbal abuse, snide remarks
mean arterial pressure
the MAP represents the pressure actually delivered to the body’s organs. it is calculated in several different ways, one of which is to add two-thirds of the diastolic pressure to one-third of the systolic pressure. Ex: a normal MAP is 70-110mmHg.
oxygen saturation
this value is the percent of all hemoglobin binding sites that are occupied by oxygen. the value is determined using a pulse oximeter to detect hypoxemia before clinical signs and symptoms appear.
Ex: normal o2 sat is 95-100%, below 70 is life threatening
direct transmission
involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person thru biting, kissing, sex. droplet spread is also a form of this, but only if the source and host are within 1m or 3feet of each other.
Ex: through touching, kissing, biting, sex, droplet can be direct if within 1 ft when sneezing, coughing, spitting, talking
health care associated infection
infections that originate in any health care setting
Ex: catheter associated uti, ventilator associated pneumonia
indirect transmission
this can be either vehicle or vector borne.
vector borne: an animal/flying/crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting an infectious agent.
vehicle borne: any substance that serves as an intermediate means of transport and introduces an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry. (handkerchiefs, toys, clothes, food)
Ex: fomites (inanimate objects like toys), water, food, plasma
