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Cognitive Psych > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Propositional Representations

A
  • idea or language based rather than being modality (like vision) based
  • are descriptive (the idea of the thing)
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2
Q

analog representation

A

-same structure as referent
-same properties
-same spatial relationships
analog representations are deceptive, maintain the format of the object

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3
Q

visual imagery

A

color, animal, shapes- - has the same traits as actual vision

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4
Q

Spatial Imagery

A

rotations, mental scanning, relative locations of states- may represent movements or body feelings.

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5
Q

Scanning Mental imagery

A

When participants scanned mental pictures, it took the same amount of time every time to scan across the image they were told to see, no matter how many times they did so.

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6
Q

Description vs. depiction

A

Description- features that are prominent will be those distinctive and strongly associated to the object being described.
Depiction- association doesn’t matter, instead size and postion does.

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7
Q

Mental rotation

A

people have n trouble with mental rotation in 3D images. This tells us that we are able to think and imagine in 3D

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8
Q

Mental rotation cogLab

A

Participants were presented with two images and asked if they were the same or different. One image may be rotated. They found that there was an increase in reaction time as the angle f rotation increased.

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9
Q

Image Scanning Kosslyn

A

subjects learned to be able to generate a mental image of a map to a high degree of accuracy. The map depicted seven key locations on an island. In a test phase, subjects recalled the image, and were in essence asked to scan from one map location to another, indicating to the experimenter when the scan was complete. It was found that no matter how many times they scanned the distance it always took the same amount of time.

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10
Q

Relationship between perception and mental imagery

A

It is easier to remember something if you are also visualizing it mentally. It has been found subjects with brain damage that can no longer see color also cannot visualize color.

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11
Q

Mental Images and Memory

A

eidetic memory is “photographic memory” but research has found that it is memorized via other methods and not visually memorized in picture form.

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12
Q

Hill-climbing strategy

A

At each “fork in the road” you simply choose the option that moves you in the direction of your goal
or
difference reduction
-weakness: Limited use

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13
Q

Problem Solving by analogy

A

Using knowledge about similar problems to solve new problems
Example: Duncke’rs Ray Tumor problem- The stomach tumor requires a very strong laser to destroy it. However, using a single laser this powerful will destroy any healthy tissue as well. Therefore, we use a series of less intense lasers from different angles all at once.

  • converging on a fortress example
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14
Q

Einstellung

A

A collection of beliefs and assumptions that a person makes about a problem

  • Help: well practiced routine
  • Hinder: overuse routine and fail to see easier solutions
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15
Q

Role of Genetics on Intelligence

A

Developmental disorders such as savant syndrome or autism directly impact intelligence. Twins resemble each other genetically and tend to exhibit similar types of intelligence.

  • Learning disability
  • In the words of our lord and savior, Lady Gaga, “You were born this way, hey!”
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16
Q

Problem-Solving

A

Behavior directed towards achieving a goal

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17
Q

Role of the Environment on Intelligence

A

Low SES can influence intelligence.

  • Poor nutrition: can lead to obesity and concentration problems as well as lethargy..and can kill you.
  • Exposure to lead paint and other toxins in poor quality housing. Leads to lead poisoning and other illnesses.
  • Poor schooling
  • Lack of funding for after school programs
  • Affects more people on a daily basis
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18
Q

Generating Solutions (problem in problem solving)

A

-Trial and error
-The “aha!” experience
-Incubation period- unconsciously solving the problem
-Algorithm and hueristics
Weakness:
-Not very efficient
-Don’t have a sense of progress

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19
Q

Problem in problem solving

A

We focus on irrelevant information

20
Q

Intelligence

A
  • What IQ tests measure
  • “We do not know”
  • General (g) needed for virtually every task
  • Consists of hierarchical theories, fluid, and crystallized
21
Q

Means-end analysis

A

Compare the current state to the goal state
“What means do I have to make these more alike”
what do these things have in common

22
Q

Working backward

A

Start at the end result of a problem and back track to the beginning
Example:Geometric proofs

23
Q

Functional fixedness

A

We can’t see that objects can be used for other things. Tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about and objects function
-Problem is rarely solved

24
Q

Hidden representation

A

Solution is not immediate

25
Q

Cultural block

A

When the solution is culturally inappropriate.

Example: the ball is at the bottom of the pipe. Pee in the pipe to float the ball out

26
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts used to solve problems. Rule of thumb

27
Q

Algorithms and Heuristics

A

working memory capacity

28
Q

Problem space

A

The set of all states that can be reached in solving the problem

29
Q

Contrast algorithms and heuristics

A

If the problem requires accuracy an algorithm is best. A Heuristics are better used when time is of the essence. Heuristics are used more in everyday stuff. Algorithm=math

30
Q

Confirmation Bias

A
  • Search for evidence consistent with hypothesis.
  • More likely to be drawn to evidence that supports your hypothesis
  • Example:If you think republicans are racist, you are more likely to read more articles discussing this matter, thus confirming your beliefs as well as making the matter more prevalent.
31
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

The belief you still hold, even after your belief has been disproved.
-Cults

32
Q

Creativity

A

One’s ability to “think outside of the box”

33
Q 
Hierarchical intelligence  
(what general (g) represents)-
A 
Fluid Intelligence 
Crystallized intelligence 
General Memory and learning 
Visual perception
Auditory perception 
Retrieval ability 
Cognitive speed
Processing speed
34
Q

Gino and Wiltermuth

A

Dishonesty can influence creativity and vise versa

35
Q

Types of intelligence (Howards Gardener’s Theory of multiple intelligence)

A
  • Musical
  • Bodily Kinesthetic
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalistic
  • Emotional
  • Linguistic
  • Logical Mathematical
  • Existential
36
Q

Practical intelligence

A

Intelligence needed for skilled reasoning in day to day settings

37
Q

Rationality

A

The capacity for critically assessing information

-Gathered in natural environment

38
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to understand one’s own emotions and others, and control’s one’s emotions

39
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Refers to acquired problems.

  • Verbal knowledge
  • Broad repertoire of skills
  • Dealing with problems similar to what you have already encountered
40
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Refers to ability to deal with novel problems

  • No well practiced routines
  • Reaches peak in early adulthood
  • Solve problems independent of acquired knowledge
  • Identify patterns of a relationship

Impairments: drugs, alcohol, sleep deprivation

41
Q

Compare and contrast novice and expert

A

A novice tries to process all information they see. They employ rigid strategies that may not be appropriate for the task at hand. Satisfied at scratching the surface of the problem. Have limited knowledge of the subject in different areas.

An expert has deep knowledge about the subject in different areas because they are comparing interrelationships. Try to understand the problem, look for boundaries and create mental image of problem. Designs strategies that will be appropriate to the task at hand. Selects important info to break down and process.

42
Q

deduction

A

a process through which you start with claims and ask what further claims necessarily follow from these premises.

43
Q

Categorical Syllogism

A

A logical argument containing two premises and a conclusion, and concerned with the properties of, and relations between, categories.

44
Q

conditional reasoning

A

if x equals y, provided under which the second part is guaranteed to be true

45
Q

inductive reasoning

A

a pattern of reasoning in which you seek to draw general claims from specific bits of evidence.

46
Q

emotion and reasoning

A

belief perseverance and the idea that when encountering new information that does not conform we will be skeptical.

Cognitive Psych (4 decks)

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