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Cognitive Psych > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded.

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2
Q

Interference Theory

A

occurs in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative influence in comprehending the new material.

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3
Q

Decay Theory

A

proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away.

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4
Q

`Phonemes

A

Smallest units of sound that can serve to distinguish words in language

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5
Q

False Memories

A

an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur, memory is highly suggestible and can be unreliable

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6
Q

Encoding Failure

A

refers to the brain’s occasional failure to create a memory link. Encoding refers to the brain’s ability to store and recall events and information, either short or long-term.

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7
Q

Retroactive Interfereance

A

a phenomenon that occurs when newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information.

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8
Q

Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924)

A

Sleep has a positive effect on memory because there is no interference while awake.

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9
Q

Waugh & Norman – probe digit task

A
  • Conducted a test to determine whether information is really loss from decay or interference.
  • The test consisted of 16 digits which followed a pattern, and the participants were asked to name what digit would have been next.
  • This showed that that forgetting was interference based rather than time based.
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10
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

refers to the finding that imagining an event which never happened can increase confidence that it actually occurred. This effect is relevant to the study of memory and cognition, particularly false memory

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11
Q

Eye Witness memory

A

Not reliable, especially during a traumatic incident, or when a gun is involved.

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12
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

refers to the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information.

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13
Q

Cog lab False Memory

A

Showed us a list of words that all interrelated, then had us pick those words from a word bank

  • we were more likely to pick words that had to do with the topic, but were not shown on screen
  • This teaches us that oftentimes our brains “fill in the blanks”
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14
Q

Linguistics

A

Study of language and it’s rules

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15
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

a detailed and vivid memory that is often associated with strong emotions, some can be nationwide such as 9/11, or they can be unique to you, like the birth of a sibling.

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16
Q

Categorization

A

Categorization is the process through which objects are sorted and classified, Ex. dogs, fruits, men, women,

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17
Q

Keppel & Underwood - role of interference in Brown-Peterson method

A

examined the effect of proactive interference on long-term memory by being given three letters, then a list of numbers that followed a pattern.

  • at the end of the task they were either asked what the last number would have been, OR what the three letters at the beginning were.
  • This helped prove the idea of Proactive interference, which occurs when old information stored in long-term memory, interferes with the learning of new information.
18
Q

Exemplar Model

A

argues that individuals make category judgments by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory.

19
Q

Prototype model

A

The idea that in order to categorize we first adopt a prototype, which helps sort things into the appropriate categories

20
Q

Semantic Organization

A
  • Compare to prototype model

- Defining features and characteristic features

21
Q

Hierarchical Category Organization

A
  • Super-ordinate
  • Basic
  • Subordinate
22
Q

Hierarchical Example

A
  • Superordinate:
    • Vehicle
  • Basic
    • Car, Boat, Train
  • Subordinate:
    • SUV, Convertible,Sail, Tug, Freight, Passage, Subway
23
Q

Spreading Activation Model

A

Compares neural networks

24
Q

Typicality

A
  • Claims made about categorical representation and semantic organization rest on the influence of typicality
  • Typicality judgement= systematic reflection of the world in which we live- sometimes:
  • reflecting frequency of encounter
  • reflects beliefs about what is central= judgment aren’t random
25
Q

Development of Nicaraguan Sign Language

-Structure and development

A
  • Child learners are creating Nicaraguan sign language
  • Knowledge of language structure or ability to draw from environment
  • Some natural abilities involved in language may be unique to early ages of development
26
Q

Syntax (Chomsky and Pinker) (Phrase Structure Grammar)

A
  • Descriptive (not prescriptive)

- Phrase structure grammar

27
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest units of language that carry meanings, can stand alone

  • talk
  • umpire
28
Q

Ambiguity

A

Two meanings that correspond to two different phrase structures

  • They are racing horses
  • Eye drops off shelf
  • Hospitals are sued by 7 foot doctors
  • Miners refuse to work after death
  • Complaints about NBA refs growing ugly
29
Q

Hierarchy of Linguistic Units

A 
Sentence
Phrase
Word
Morpheme
Phoneme
30
Q

Manner of production

A

Distinguish sounds first according to how air is restricted

-air flow can be stopped or restricted

31
Q

Pragmatics

A

How language is ordinarily used
-They sell horseshoes
They sell alligator shoes

32
Q

Place of articulation

A

Sounds can be categorized according to where the airflow is restricted

33
Q

Phrase Structure Rules

A

Stipulations that list the elements that appear in a phrase and specify the sequence of those elements

  • Determine overall organization or sentence
  • How elements are linked to one another
34
Q

Descriptive Rules

A

Rules characterizing the language as it is ordinarily used by fluent speakers or listeners

35
Q

What is language?

A

Collection of symbols and rules for combining symbols, which can express an infinite variety of messages
-Symbolic communication based on sounds, written symbols, and gestures

36
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

Study of the way language is used by people to speak, write, read, think

37
Q

Logical Structure of Language

A
  • Phonology
  • Phonemes
  • Phonemes and subphonemes
  • Morphemes
38
Q

Problems with Syntax (Transformational grammar)

A
  • Same words/ different meanings
    • Student barked @ the dog
    • The dog barked @ the student
  • Different words/same meanings
    • the boy ate the pizza
    • The pizza was eaten by the boy
39
Q

Surface vs. Deep Structure

A

DEEP STRUCTURE

  • Sentences with different structures that mean the same thing
  • Boy ate the pizza (active)
  • Pizza was eaten by the boy (passive)
40
Q

Three Major Points of Surface vs Deep Structure

A
  • In order to understand that two different sentences can have the same meaning but different surface structures we have to propose something like deep structure
  • Transformations map deep structure to surface structure (transformational grammar)
  • Takes more transformations to generate a passive sentence than an active sentence
41
Q

Hockett’s Linguistic Universals

A

1) Reproductibility- we can prove anything that we can comprehend
2) Total Feedback- we hear or see what we say
3) Specialization -language is used to communicate
4) Semantic-Language conveys meaning and symbols of language have conventional meaning
5) Arbitrariness-No inherent connection between the units (sounds or words) employed by a language and the meanings reffered to by those units
6) Discreteness- A language is a hierarchy of discrete elements from sounds to messages
7) Displacement-We can talk about things outside of our immediate experience (past, present, future)
8) Openness
9) Traditional Transmission- many aspects of language are learned from experience
10) Duality of structure- Language has two main systems (sounds and meanings) that a related by rules (grammar)

Cognitive Psych (4 decks)

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