Quiz 4 Flashcards
coenzyme A and glutathione contain ___ residues at their active sites
SH
4 host defense mechanisms:
Cell mediated, Humoral, Complement, Lysozyme
a nursing mother loses __-___ mg Ca/day, but demonstrates increased Ca absorption during late pregnancy and during lactation
150-300
What % of water must be lost to lose muscle strength and endurance?
4%
average person has __ g of sodium in their body.
250 g
What is zinc associated with?
over 20 enzymes, i.e. carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase
How is fluid intake controlled?
mainly thirst
a person excretes about __ mg/day in feces, __ mg/day in urine and about ___ mg/day from perspiration.
400, 100-350, 15
For adults,
the major source of Ca is:
milk and cheese, also nuts, peas, beans, grain, green leafy vegetables
Iodine is found in:
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
average daily consumption of vitamin C less than __ can lead to scurvy:
1 mg/day
Treatment for scurvy:
vitamin C and vitamin B complex, diversified diet, SRP
From where do we obtain water?
drinking and water in food
NUG is aka:
Trench mouth or Vincent’s infection
RDA - 9 - 18 yr is ___ mg/day
1250
increased loss through lungs in this type of environment may require additional water:
very dry climate, mountain climbing (dry air) may need up to 4 L of drinking water
Major component of periodontium:
Collagen
What food source is involved in immune and inflammatory processes?
protein
St. John’s Wort is used to treat:
depression, anxiety, sleep disorders
TF? PD can be treated by providing vitamins and minerals to the adequately nourished individual.
F
RDA for iron for women 19-50 yr :
18 mg/day
How can we store copper in the body?
bound to ceruloplasmin
What controls iodine release?
pituitary gland
Most Fe is used to make:
RBC in the bone marrow
Blood calcium is regulated by:
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
TF? Scientific evidence indicates that St. John’s Wort may be useful for short-term treatment of mild to moderate depression.
T
Periodontal Diseases results in:
destruction of the supporting tissues of teeth
Selenium is present in:
glutathione peroxidase
Daily amount of fluid that enters GI tract from secretions?
8 L
Gingko:
Old tree species, no observed benefit, asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, and tinnitus, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, Conflicting data – memory enhancement, Small studies – mild improvement, NIH – no benefit
How many g of potassium is there in intracellular fluid?
100 g
RDA for iodine:
150 ug/day
TF? Zinc can be stored in the body.
T
What is hemosiderosis?
disease of excess iron storage, excessive intake (iron cooking pots, cheap wine), excessive destruction (hemolytic anemia) or transfusions (>200 mg Fe/unit), poor regulation of absorption (hereditary hemochromatosis, may have stores of 50 g Fe)
K+ deficiency is seen with:
diuretics that waste potassium
Can extra Vit C treat PD?
No, no affect on any clinical parameter
an average person contains __ L water.
40L
PD can be treated and prevented by:
eliminate plaque
TF? Nutritional deficiency may result in an irreversible loss of barrier function.
F. reversible
Iodine can treat:
goiter
The majority of magnesium is in ___, about 25% in
____
bone, soft tissues
Food high in Mg2+
Vegetables: spinach, greens, broccoli, lim beans, potatoes, squash
What is is needed for hydroxylation of lysine and proline?
Vit C
Fe absorption is improved with:
vitamin C
___-__% adults sodium sensitive.
10–15
What cells produce HCl?
parietal cells of the stomach
metabolic water is available by:
oxidation of food to H2O and CO2
sodium plays a role in:
nerve conduction
How much salt is in intracellular fluid?
100g
Side effects of Gingko:
headache, nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic skin reactions, increased risk of bleeding
Periodontal disease is an _____ disease caused by a ____ infection
infectious, bacterial
Nutritional evaluation may be indicated in the presence of:
NUG, NUP, NOMA, adult periodontitis
TF? Nurition plays a modifying role in the progression of periodontal disease.
T. not that large of a role, though.
% of iron that is absorbed
about 10%
adult males about __ % water by weight
60
If a person losing __ % of their body fluid, they will likely enter a coma and die.
20% -
The body can avoid anemia by:
conserve, maintain, or increase absorption of iron
Types of periodontal diseases:
chronic, aggressive, NUG (papilla bcm necrotic and there is a foul odor), NUP, NOMA
What is Menkes’ syndrome?
failure to absorb Cu, mental retardation, kinky hair (lack of keratinization), hypothermia, usually die by age three
Other enzymes related to copper:
cytochrome and lysyl oxidases
Health concerns that potassium is linked to:
decreases BP, stroke
Iron deficiency leads to:
anemia, esp. reproductive years and children (rapid growth)
____g of H20 from carbohydrates
0.55g
TF? Body water content varies greatly over time
F. remains fairly constant
Good sources of copper:
organ meats, seafood, nuts, and seeds
These can be considered dietary supplements:
vitamin, mineral, herb, botanical, amino acid, concentrate, metabolite, constituent or extract.
Ginger:
tropical plant w aromatic rhizome, nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, maybe arthritis
Average fluid intake:
1.2 L drink, 1.1 L food, 0.3 L metabolic water
Iron-deficient cells:
Smaller, less color, less pigment hemoglobin.
Iodine deficiecy can lead to:
goiter, cretinism, retardation, loss of hearing and speech
What type of lesion is a periodontal lesion:
a healing lesion
primary source of Ca for infants:
milk
How does the kidney respond to increased sodium levels?
increase aldosterone.
At what level does potassium function similar to sodium?
at intracellular level
Good sources of Zn:
meats, fish, dry beans, eggs, nuts, beef, shellfish, poultry, whole grains, and legumes
How much iron is in hemoglobin?
2.5 g
an average person contains about __ L of extracellular water
15
What could bright red, inflamed and edematous gingiva indicate? (disease)
(acute) leukemia, diabetes, scurvy
excess Zn can reduce __ absorption
Cu
TF? Treatment with vitamin and mineral supplementation is required in the adequately nourished individual.
F
We have about __ g of zinc in the body.
2
Fiber-Mineral Interactions
phytates and oxalates (fibers) bind minerals, i.e. Ca, Zn, Mg, and Fe. phytate: brans and coffee, oxalate: spinach, rhubarb, coffee, tea, and chocolate
Most sulfur in the body is present in ____
methionine and cysteine (protein)
haem (heme) iron is present in:
hemoglobin and myoglobin (as porphyrins)
Avg amt of water taken in via drink and food:
1000ml (4 cups)
TF? Milk is low in sodium.
F.
TF? we can not conserve, store, or synthesize water
T
Nutritionally adequate diet helps to maintain:
resistance and periodontium
most sulfur in the diet is a component of:
protein
Iodine content in the avg person:
about 20–50 mg/person, 1/20,000,000 of body weight
TF? Magnesium is present in all tissues.
T, same as vitamin c
Iodine helps maintain:
metabolism, think thyroid hormones
Vitamin D may reduce:
gingival bleeding by antiinflammatory effects (ask, is this simply an acid base reaction like when you drink milk after eating spicy food?)
about ___ -___ g P in bone (hydroxyapatite)
600-900
Ginseng:
Asian: Panax ginseng, American: Panax quinquefolius, active chemical components: ginsenosides, Claims: well-being, stamina, mental and physical performance, lower blood sugar, control BP, Studies: may lower blood glucose and enhance immunity
Calcium blood concentration:
8.5 to 10.5 mg/100 ml
Selenium deficiency:
Keshan’s disease, congestive heart disease in China in children and young women
How many g of potassium is there in extracellular fluid?
3 g
Symptoms of Vit A deficiency:
gingival erosions, ulcerations, bleeding, swelling, and loss of keratinization, headache, dry mouth and loss of hair
High potassium foods:
vegetables, bananas, potatoes, oranges, whole grains, dried beans, meats, milk, coffee, and tea
a copper-dependent ferroxidase helps:
oxidize iron
Fxn of selenium:
reduces oxidative damage to lipid membranes
Food where iron is found:
meats (haem) (better absorbed), vegetables (non-haem)
Typical adult intake of K/ day
2–4 g
Where is copper found?
most foods
Major role of Calcium:
nerve Conduction, blood Clotting
There is a correlation between bacteria and:
bone loss
Black specks of calculus:
Frequent with perio disese, lots of root surface for calculus to form on after healing post-SRP
TF? Haem absorption is not affected by phosphates, phytates or vitamin C.
T
What results in higher levels of sodium?
cooking and processing
bacterial products that can induce tissue damage:
toxins, endotoxin, and enzymes
Water Functions
osmotic balance, gas diffusion, transport of nutrients, joint lubrication (synovial fluid), tissue turgor
about ___ g of Ca is absorbed and redeposited daily
0.7
Water is a:
solvent and reactive medium
Mineral Functions:
Bone and tooth structure, heart rhythm, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, acid-base balance, parts of enzymes and hormones
Symptoms of low K+ levels:
cramps, confusion, irregular heart beat
What is the primary dietary deficiency for phosphorus?
none
Excess vitamin A can lead to:
gingival pathology, fat soluble, not cleared as readily as Vit C
Most zinc is stored in:
bone
newborn babies about __% water by weight
75
What is the key electrolyte in extracellular fluid?
sodium
What food source is involved in epithelial barrier function?
protein
Calcium absorption is aided by:
Vitamin D, protein, and lactose
What does the glutathione peroxidase system do?
breaks down peroxides before they can form free radicals, spares some need for vitamin E, which is a major free radical scavenger.
Subjects in highest quintile for ____ levels had 20% less likely to have bleeding on probing than the lowest quintile.
vitamin D
Balance of ions is maintained via:
Na pump, intake and excretion of water and electrolytes
Labels: “sodium free”
5 mg
TF? chloride deficiency is highly unlikely.
T
When is iron absorption reduced?
when it forms salts with phosphates or phytates
Kids should not drink cow’s milk until about age:
1
TF? almost all dietary sodium is absorbed.
T
TF? an excess of one mineral can affect the absorption of other mineral.
T
What % water output will lead to poor heat tolerance, the person is weak?
10
If you overdose on Vit C for a long duration:
gradually decrease levels or else you wil get scurvy, even if you take normal levels, body adjusted to the higher level
Where is Phosphorus found?
all plant and animal cells
When is iron absorption increased?
with vitamin C, meat, gastric acidity
Sulfur is present in:
heparin, keratin, chondroitin sulfates
The soft tissues and fluids contain about __ g Ca:
10 g
minimum requirement for chloride is about ____ mg/day, average intake about __ g/day
700, 5
What % of dietary potassium is absorbed?
about 90
there can be a synergistic effect on the absorption of __ and minerals
vitamins
What happens to excess Fe?
stored as ferritin, can cluster to form hemosiderin
Change Vit C levels:
no pocket depth change with good health pts, capillary fragility after 4-6wks, leading to more risk of gingival bleeding and gingivitis
High K+ foods:
Fruits and veggies: spinach, squash, potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, lima benas, pears, prunes, peaches, avocados, cantalouoes, bananas
sodium depletion leads to:
cramps, nausea, vomiting, shock, coma
TF? low blood K level can be life threatening.
T
TF? Calcium and vitamin D intake levels, aimed at preventing osteoporosis, have a beneficial effect on tooth retention.
T
Selenium is part of the ___ system.
glutathione peroxidase
Taurine:
2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, produced in the pancreas from cysteine (component of bile), may reduce oxidative stress from exercise, energy drinks: no reports of neg or pos effects associated with use, essential dietary requirement for cats (can’t synthesize, absence causes retinal degeneration and irreversible blindness)
average daily water output:
1.0–1.5 L urine, 1 L skin, 0.3 L lungs
Bone is about __% mineral, __ % protein, __% fat and about __% water
50, 20, 5, 25
Constituent of vitamin B12:
cobalt (cyanocobalamin)
TF? We can store copper in the body.
T
Second most prominent intracellular cation (after potassium):
Magnesium
Magnesium is concentrated in the ___ and is involved in ____
mitochondria, energy transfer
RDA for iron for men:
8 mg/day
A calcium deficiency may lead to:
decrease in blood calcium, mobilization from bone
What is required for the absorption of iron?
release and conversion to ferrous irontoxins
if ___% of body weight is lost a person will get thristy
2
Syndrome related to copper:
Menkes’ syndrome, genetic disease
human milk has ___ mg/100 ml, while cows milk has ___ mg/100 ml
30, 120
adult females about __% water by weight
50
Side effects of St. John’s Wort:
Sun sensitivity
Typical intake of iron is about ___mg/day
10
How are lysozomes involved in host defense mechanism?
damage cellular membrane
RDA for zinc is __ (f), __ (m) mg/day
8, 11
total amount of trace minerals in the body is about __ gram or __ oz.
15, ~ 0.5 oz
Major defense barrier to invasion by antigens, noxious products and bacteria
epithelium
% of calcium absorbed from diet:
only about 20%
Main ions in extracellular water
Salt (Na and Cl)
RDA of calcium:
is 1000-1200 mg/day
Diet less than 5mg of vit C can lead to:
scurvy
of trace minerals: (check)
100
treatment to reduce gingivitis:
antibacterial (chlorhexidine)
Where in plants is Mg2+ present?
chloroplasts, mitochondria in animals
TF? The human body can store iron.
T
Oral manifestation of scurvy:
petechial hemorrhages, crevicular bleeding, mucosal ulcerations
Trace minerals:
Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Copper, Selenium, Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum
Main ions in intracellular water:
potassium (K) and phosphate (PO4)
Which deficiency is more likely, sodium or potassium?
potassium, we don’t add potassium to our foods
Guarana:
maple family, seeds contain 2–4.5% caffeine (1–2% for coffee bean)
Löe study:
increased plaque leads to gingivitis
Blood P concentration is about ___ mg P/100 ml
2.5–4.5
Major Minerals:
(CaMPS) calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S)
adults need about __ of water for each calorie of food
1 ml, or about 2.5 L of water for 2500 calories burned
RDA for P for adults:
700 mg/day (same as Ca)
TF? potassium is present in lesser amounts in the body than salt.
T
RDA of selenium:
55ug/day
RDA for Magnesium - ___ (f) -___ (m) mg/day
320 (f), 420 (m)
Goiter is an increase in size of the:
thyroid gland
Labels: “very low sodium” ≤ ___mg/serving
35
What is the major mineral in osseous tissues?
calcium
Zn deficiency can lead to:
small stature, anemia, impaired taste, impaired wound healing
Calcium output in extreme heat:
up to 100 mg/hr, in perspiration
Avg total water intake:
2,350ml (10 cups)
about __ % of calcium is ionized and about __% is bound to albumin
50%, 50%
What vitamins contains S
thiamin and biotin
What will happen if a nursing mom’s Ca intake is low?
Ca is mobilized from her bones
Typical adult intake __ - ___ g Na/day
3–7 g
How much salt is found in the extracellular fluids?
125 g
Water can supply __ - ____ mg/L of calcium
~0 to 200
Minerals are found in:
skeleton, enzymes, hormones, and vitamins
TF? Potassium is a major cation in intracellular fluid.
T
How is Complement involved in host defense mechanism?
binds cell, aids phagocytosis, forms pores in cells
Calcium absoprtion is inhibited by:
phytates (in dietary fiber), fats, & oxalic acid.
These are both required for hemoglobin formation:
Cu and Fe
Cells involved in cell mediated defense mechanism:
PMN, macrophages
Carnitine:
nearly all cells, energy production with long-chain f.a., concentrated in skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver and kidneys produce from lysine and methionine, no evidence it improves physical performance
Foods w lots of sodium added during processing:
bread, hot dogs, processed meats, cheese, soups, many tomato-based products, snack foods
an average person contains about __ L of intracellular water
25
major minerals (> ___ mg/day)
100
NUG:
low grade, interproximal infection, damage to bone and oral structures
TF? More iron in your body makes you more prone to cancer.
T
RDA for copper adults:
900 ug/day
may lose up to ___quarts (__lbs) of water during a marathon run
6, ~12 lb
very hot weather, loss through skin up to __L /hr
~2 L / hr
Sodium depletion may occur if a persons perspiration level is:
~ 2 g/L vs. 3g/L for plasma
What food sources is involved in bone metabolism?
protein, Ca, PO4
increased sodium leads to:
increased hypertension, limited to ~2 g/day (1/2 teaspoon)
What % of the body weight do minerals make up?
4%
TF? Ca content in human milk is affected by the mother’s intake.
F
Is there slow or rapid turnover of the epi barrier?
rapid
What is the copper deficiency?
no primary deficiency noted
This is involved in humoral defense mechanism:
antibody production
excess Ca can affect ___ and ___
Fe and Mg
Minimum requirement of K+ in health:
2 g/day, vs. 0.5 g/day for sodium
Mineral bioavailability depends on:
absorption and availability
What is required for epithelial barrier function?
protein, zinc, folic acid, iron, vitamin A and C
What food source is involved in collagen metabolism?
protein, vitamin C
TF? Water can supply calcium
T
What are the body stores of iron? (ferritin)
about 1 g
A person has about __g of Fe
4
___% of salt added during cooking and at table.
30-50
Chloride is used by:
phagocytic cells to kill bacteria via the myeloperoxidase system
What is an increase in thirst associated with?
increase in blood sodium
How long can a person live without food? without water?
~8 weeks, few days
About how many g of calcium is in the skeleton?
1200 g of Ca
Avg water produced from metabolism:
350 ml (1.5 cups)
Where do we get iodine supplementation?
iodized salt
Thirst is associated with:
water depletion, not salt depletion
This is a major etiologic factor in dental caries:
nutrition
How is water present in food?
Simply there or by hydration
Foods high in selenium:
cereals and meat
Selenium balances with ___,
each spares the other
vitamin E
Minimum requirement of salt for health is __ mg/day
500
How many g of potassium is there in skeletal muscle ?
80 g
How much iron is in myoglobin and cytochromes?
0.3 g
oral symptoms of scurvy:
bright red, inflamed and edematous gingiva with bleeding, tooth mobility, swelling and bruising of extremities
Food high in magnesium:
cereals and vegetables provide over 2/3 of our requirements for Mg2+, plants
TF? natural food is high in sodium.
F. Low
Iron deficiency is treated with:
ferrous salts
keep out of reach of children – risk of poisoning
Periodontal Diseases is the result of:
bacterial infections
Excess water:
> 10L cannot be removed by the kidneys, headaches, blurred vision, convulsions
Sites of water output:
perspiration, lungs (respiration), urine, feces (greatest to lowest)
Most Ca in the body is in this form:
hydroxyapatite
Fxns of selenium:
antioxidant like vitamin C and E and b- carotene
In non-haem iron, the ferric iron is bound to:
proteins, amino acids and organic acids
Ca is in equilibrium between:
bone, extracellular water, and soft tissue
Blood zinc levels:
about 0.1 mg/100ml
Interactions of St. John’s Wort:
antidepressants, birth control, digoxin, dilantin and phenobarbital, warfarin (Coumadin)
Magnesium content in person:
about 25g
___ g H20 from 1 g of protein
0.4 g
RDA for iron for Wwomen - > 50 yr:
8 mg/day
How much salt is found in mineralized tissues?
90 g
What is copper used for?
use of ferritin
eat 3,000 calories, need __ L of water
3L
___ of H20 from 1 g of fat
1.07 g
TF? Chloride is a major anion in intracellular fluid.
F. extracelluar fluid
How many __ mg of iodine in the thyroid?
8
Noma is also known as:
cancrum oris, fusospirochetal gangrene, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, stomatitis gangrenosa
