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Nutrition in the Practice of Dentistry > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

coenzyme A and glutathione contain ___ residues at their active sites

A

SH

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2
Q

4 host defense mechanisms:

A

Cell mediated, Humoral, Complement, Lysozyme

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3
Q

a nursing mother loses __-___ mg Ca/day, but demonstrates increased Ca absorption during late pregnancy and during lactation

A

150-300

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4
Q

What % of water must be lost to lose muscle strength and endurance?

A

4%

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5
Q

average person has __ g of sodium in their body.

A

250 g

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6
Q

What is zinc associated with?

A

over 20 enzymes, i.e. carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase

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7
Q

How is fluid intake controlled?

A

mainly thirst

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8
Q

a person excretes about __ mg/day in feces, __ mg/day in urine and about ___ mg/day from perspiration.

A

400, 100-350, 15

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9
Q

For adults,

the major source of Ca is:

A

milk and cheese, also nuts, peas, beans, grain, green leafy vegetables

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10
Q

Iodine is found in:

A

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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11
Q

average daily consumption of vitamin C less than __ can lead to scurvy:

A

1 mg/day

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12
Q

Treatment for scurvy:

A

vitamin C and vitamin B complex, diversified diet, SRP

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13
Q

From where do we obtain water?

A

drinking and water in food

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14
Q

NUG is aka:

A

Trench mouth or Vincent’s infection

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15
Q

RDA - 9 - 18 yr is ___ mg/day

A

1250

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16
Q

increased loss through lungs in this type of environment may require additional water:

A

very dry climate, mountain climbing (dry air) may need up to 4 L of drinking water

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17
Q

Major component of periodontium:

A

Collagen

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18
Q

What food source is involved in immune and inflammatory processes?

A

protein

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19
Q

St. John’s Wort is used to treat:

A

depression, anxiety, sleep disorders

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20
Q

TF? PD can be treated by providing vitamins and minerals to the adequately nourished individual.

A

F

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21
Q

RDA for iron for women 19-50 yr :

A

18 mg/day

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22
Q

How can we store copper in the body?

A

bound to ceruloplasmin

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23
Q

What controls iodine release?

A

pituitary gland

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24
Q

Most Fe is used to make:

A

RBC in the bone marrow

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25
Q

Blood calcium is regulated by:

A

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D

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26
Q

TF? Scientific evidence indicates that St. John’s Wort may be useful for short-term treatment of mild to moderate depression.

A

T

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27
Q

Periodontal Diseases results in:

A

destruction of the supporting tissues of teeth

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28
Q

Selenium is present in:

A

glutathione peroxidase

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29
Q

Daily amount of fluid that enters GI tract from secretions?

A

8 L

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30
Q

Gingko:

A

Old tree species, no observed benefit, asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, and tinnitus, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, Conflicting data – memory enhancement, Small studies – mild improvement, NIH – no benefit

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31
Q

How many g of potassium is there in intracellular fluid?

A

100 g

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32
Q

RDA for iodine:

A

150 ug/day

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33
Q

TF? Zinc can be stored in the body.

A

T

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34
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

disease of excess iron storage, excessive intake (iron cooking pots, cheap wine), excessive destruction (hemolytic anemia) or transfusions (>200 mg Fe/unit), poor regulation of absorption (hereditary hemochromatosis, may have stores of 50 g Fe)

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35
Q

K+ deficiency is seen with:

A

diuretics that waste potassium

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36
Q

Can extra Vit C treat PD?

A

No, no affect on any clinical parameter

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37
Q

an average person contains __ L water.

A

40L

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38
Q

PD can be treated and prevented by:

A

eliminate plaque

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39
Q

TF? Nutritional deficiency may result in an irreversible loss of barrier function.

A

F. reversible

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40
Q

Iodine can treat:

A

goiter

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41
Q

The majority of magnesium is in ___, about 25% in

____

A

bone, soft tissues

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42
Q

Food high in Mg2+

A

Vegetables: spinach, greens, broccoli, lim beans, potatoes, squash

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43
Q

What is is needed for hydroxylation of lysine and proline?

A

Vit C

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44
Q

Fe absorption is improved with:

A

vitamin C

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45
Q

___-__% adults sodium sensitive.

A

10–15

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46
Q

What cells produce HCl?

A

parietal cells of the stomach

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47
Q

metabolic water is available by:

A

oxidation of food to H2O and CO2

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48
Q

sodium plays a role in:

A

nerve conduction

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49
Q

How much salt is in intracellular fluid?

A

100g

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50
Q

Side effects of Gingko:

A

headache, nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic skin reactions, increased risk of bleeding

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51
Q

Periodontal disease is an _____ disease caused by a ____ infection

A

infectious, bacterial

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52
Q

Nutritional evaluation may be indicated in the presence of:

A

NUG, NUP, NOMA, adult periodontitis

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53
Q

TF? Nurition plays a modifying role in the progression of periodontal disease.

A

T. not that large of a role, though.

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54
Q

% of iron that is absorbed

A

about 10%

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55
Q

adult males about __ % water by weight

A

60

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56
Q

If a person losing __ % of their body fluid, they will likely enter a coma and die.

A

20% -

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57
Q

The body can avoid anemia by:

A

conserve, maintain, or increase absorption of iron

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58
Q

Types of periodontal diseases:

A

chronic, aggressive, NUG (papilla bcm necrotic and there is a foul odor), NUP, NOMA

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59
Q

What is Menkes’ syndrome?

A

failure to absorb Cu, mental retardation, kinky hair (lack of keratinization), hypothermia, usually die by age three

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60
Q

Other enzymes related to copper:

A

cytochrome and lysyl oxidases

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61
Q

Health concerns that potassium is linked to:

A

decreases BP, stroke

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62
Q

Iron deficiency leads to:

A

anemia, esp. reproductive years and children (rapid growth)

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63
Q

____g of H20 from carbohydrates

A

0.55g

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64
Q

TF? Body water content varies greatly over time

A

F. remains fairly constant

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65
Q

Good sources of copper:

A

organ meats, seafood, nuts, and seeds

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66
Q

These can be considered dietary supplements:

A

vitamin, mineral, herb, botanical, amino acid, concentrate, metabolite, constituent or extract.

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67
Q

Ginger:

A

tropical plant w aromatic rhizome, nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, maybe arthritis

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68
Q

Average fluid intake:

A

1.2 L drink, 1.1 L food, 0.3 L metabolic water

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69
Q

Iron-deficient cells:

A

Smaller, less color, less pigment hemoglobin.

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70
Q

Iodine deficiecy can lead to:

A

goiter, cretinism, retardation, loss of hearing and speech

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71
Q

What type of lesion is a periodontal lesion:

A

a healing lesion

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72
Q

primary source of Ca for infants:

A

milk

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73
Q

How does the kidney respond to increased sodium levels?

A

increase aldosterone.

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74
Q

At what level does potassium function similar to sodium?

A

at intracellular level

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75
Q

Good sources of Zn:

A

meats, fish, dry beans, eggs, nuts, beef, shellfish, poultry, whole grains, and legumes

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76
Q

How much iron is in hemoglobin?

A

2.5 g

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77
Q

an average person contains about __ L of extracellular water

A

15

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78
Q

What could bright red, inflamed and edematous gingiva indicate? (disease)

A

(acute) leukemia, diabetes, scurvy

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79
Q

excess Zn can reduce __ absorption

A

Cu

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80
Q

TF? Treatment with vitamin and mineral supplementation is required in the adequately nourished individual.

A

F

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81
Q

We have about __ g of zinc in the body.

A

2

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82
Q

Fiber-Mineral Interactions

A

phytates and oxalates (fibers) bind minerals, i.e. Ca, Zn, Mg, and Fe. phytate: brans and coffee, oxalate: spinach, rhubarb, coffee, tea, and chocolate

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83
Q

Most sulfur in the body is present in ____

A

methionine and cysteine (protein)

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84
Q

haem (heme) iron is present in:

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin (as porphyrins)

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85
Q

Avg amt of water taken in via drink and food:

A

1000ml (4 cups)

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86
Q

TF? Milk is low in sodium.

A

F.

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87
Q

TF? we can not conserve, store, or synthesize water

A

T

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88
Q

Nutritionally adequate diet helps to maintain:

A

resistance and periodontium

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89
Q

most sulfur in the diet is a component of:

A

protein

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90
Q

Iodine content in the avg person:

A

about 20–50 mg/person, 1/20,000,000 of body weight

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91
Q

TF? Magnesium is present in all tissues.

A

T, same as vitamin c

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92
Q

Iodine helps maintain:

A

metabolism, think thyroid hormones

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93
Q

Vitamin D may reduce:

A

gingival bleeding by antiinflammatory effects (ask, is this simply an acid base reaction like when you drink milk after eating spicy food?)

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94
Q

about ___ -___ g P in bone (hydroxyapatite)

A

600-900

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95
Q

Ginseng:

A

Asian: Panax ginseng, American: Panax quinquefolius, active chemical components: ginsenosides, Claims: well-being, stamina, mental and physical performance, lower blood sugar, control BP, Studies: may lower blood glucose and enhance immunity

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96
Q

Calcium blood concentration:

A

8.5 to 10.5 mg/100 ml

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97
Q

Selenium deficiency:

A

Keshan’s disease, congestive heart disease in China in children and young women

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98
Q

How many g of potassium is there in extracellular fluid?

A

3 g

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99
Q

Symptoms of Vit A deficiency:

A

gingival erosions, ulcerations, bleeding, swelling, and loss of keratinization, headache, dry mouth and loss of hair

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100
Q

High potassium foods:

A

vegetables, bananas, potatoes, oranges, whole grains, dried beans, meats, milk, coffee, and tea

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101
Q

a copper-dependent ferroxidase helps:

A

oxidize iron

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102
Q

Fxn of selenium:

A

reduces oxidative damage to lipid membranes

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103
Q

Food where iron is found:

A

meats (haem) (better absorbed), vegetables (non-haem)

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104
Q

Typical adult intake of K/ day

A

2–4 g

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105
Q

Where is copper found?

A

most foods

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106
Q

Major role of Calcium:

A

nerve Conduction, blood Clotting

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107
Q

There is a correlation between bacteria and:

A

bone loss

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108
Q

Black specks of calculus:

A

Frequent with perio disese, lots of root surface for calculus to form on after healing post-SRP

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109
Q

TF? Haem absorption is not affected by phosphates, phytates or vitamin C.

A

T

110
Q

What results in higher levels of sodium?

A

cooking and processing

111
Q

bacterial products that can induce tissue damage:

A

toxins, endotoxin, and enzymes

112
Q

Water Functions

A

osmotic balance, gas diffusion, transport of nutrients, joint lubrication (synovial fluid), tissue turgor

113
Q

about ___ g of Ca is absorbed and redeposited daily

A

0.7

114
Q

Water is a:

A

solvent and reactive medium

115
Q

Mineral Functions:

A

Bone and tooth structure, heart rhythm, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, acid-base balance, parts of enzymes and hormones

116
Q

Symptoms of low K+ levels:

A

cramps, confusion, irregular heart beat

117
Q

What is the primary dietary deficiency for phosphorus?

A

none

118
Q

Excess vitamin A can lead to:

A

gingival pathology, fat soluble, not cleared as readily as Vit C

119
Q

Most zinc is stored in:

A

bone

120
Q

newborn babies about __% water by weight

A

75

121
Q

What is the key electrolyte in extracellular fluid?

A

sodium

122
Q

What food source is involved in epithelial barrier function?

A

protein

123
Q

Calcium absorption is aided by:

A

Vitamin D, protein, and lactose

124
Q

What does the glutathione peroxidase system do?

A

breaks down peroxides before they can form free radicals, spares some need for vitamin E, which is a major free radical scavenger.

125
Q

Subjects in highest quintile for ____ levels had 20% less likely to have bleeding on probing than the lowest quintile.

A

vitamin D

126
Q

Balance of ions is maintained via:

A

Na pump, intake and excretion of water and electrolytes

127
Q

Labels: “sodium free”

A

5 mg

128
Q

TF? chloride deficiency is highly unlikely.

A

T

129
Q

When is iron absorption reduced?

A

when it forms salts with phosphates or phytates

130
Q

Kids should not drink cow’s milk until about age:

A

1

131
Q

TF? almost all dietary sodium is absorbed.

A

T

132
Q

TF? an excess of one mineral can affect the absorption of other mineral.

A

T

133
Q

What % water output will lead to poor heat tolerance, the person is weak?

A

10

134
Q

If you overdose on Vit C for a long duration:

A

gradually decrease levels or else you wil get scurvy, even if you take normal levels, body adjusted to the higher level

135
Q

Where is Phosphorus found?

A

all plant and animal cells

136
Q

When is iron absorption increased?

A

with vitamin C, meat, gastric acidity

137
Q

Sulfur is present in:

A

heparin, keratin, chondroitin sulfates

138
Q

The soft tissues and fluids contain about __ g Ca:

A

10 g

139
Q

minimum requirement for chloride is about ____ mg/day, average intake about __ g/day

A

700, 5

140
Q

What % of dietary potassium is absorbed?

A

about 90

141
Q

there can be a synergistic effect on the absorption of __ and minerals

A

vitamins

142
Q

What happens to excess Fe?

A

stored as ferritin, can cluster to form hemosiderin

143
Q

Change Vit C levels:

A

no pocket depth change with good health pts, capillary fragility after 4-6wks, leading to more risk of gingival bleeding and gingivitis

144
Q

High K+ foods:

A

Fruits and veggies: spinach, squash, potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, lima benas, pears, prunes, peaches, avocados, cantalouoes, bananas

145
Q

sodium depletion leads to:

A

cramps, nausea, vomiting, shock, coma

146
Q

TF? low blood K level can be life threatening.

A

T

147
Q

TF? Calcium and vitamin D intake levels, aimed at preventing osteoporosis, have a beneficial effect on tooth retention.

A

T

148
Q

Selenium is part of the ___ system.

A

glutathione peroxidase

149
Q

Taurine:

A

2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, produced in the pancreas from cysteine (component of bile), may reduce oxidative stress from exercise, energy drinks: no reports of neg or pos effects associated with use, essential dietary requirement for cats (can’t synthesize, absence causes retinal degeneration and irreversible blindness)

150
Q

average daily water output:

A

1.0–1.5 L urine, 1 L skin, 0.3 L lungs

151
Q

Bone is about __% mineral, __ % protein, __% fat and about __% water

A

50, 20, 5, 25

152
Q

Constituent of vitamin B12:

A

cobalt (cyanocobalamin)

153
Q

TF? We can store copper in the body.

A

T

154
Q

Second most prominent intracellular cation (after potassium):

A

Magnesium

155
Q

Magnesium is concentrated in the ___ and is involved in ____

A

mitochondria, energy transfer

156
Q

RDA for iron for men:

A

8 mg/day

157
Q

A calcium deficiency may lead to:

A

decrease in blood calcium, mobilization from bone

158
Q

What is required for the absorption of iron?

A

release and conversion to ferrous irontoxins

159
Q

if ___% of body weight is lost a person will get thristy

A

2

160
Q

Syndrome related to copper:

A

Menkes’ syndrome, genetic disease

161
Q

human milk has ___ mg/100 ml, while cows milk has ___ mg/100 ml

A

30, 120

162
Q

adult females about __% water by weight

A

50

163
Q

Side effects of St. John’s Wort:

A

Sun sensitivity

164
Q

Typical intake of iron is about ___mg/day

A

10

165
Q

How are lysozomes involved in host defense mechanism?

A

damage cellular membrane

166
Q

RDA for zinc is __ (f), __ (m) mg/day

A

8, 11

167
Q

total amount of trace minerals in the body is about __ gram or __ oz.

A

15, ~ 0.5 oz

168
Q

Major defense barrier to invasion by antigens, noxious products and bacteria

A

epithelium

169
Q

% of calcium absorbed from diet:

A

only about 20%

170
Q

Main ions in extracellular water

A

Salt (Na and Cl)

171
Q

RDA of calcium:

A

is 1000-1200 mg/day

172
Q

Diet less than 5mg of vit C can lead to:

A

scurvy

173
Q

of trace minerals: (check)

A

100

174
Q

treatment to reduce gingivitis:

A

antibacterial (chlorhexidine)

175
Q

Where in plants is Mg2+ present?

A

chloroplasts, mitochondria in animals

176
Q

TF? The human body can store iron.

A

T

177
Q

Oral manifestation of scurvy:

A

petechial hemorrhages, crevicular bleeding, mucosal ulcerations

178
Q

Trace minerals:

A

Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Copper, Selenium, Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum

179
Q

Main ions in intracellular water:

A

potassium (K) and phosphate (PO4)

180
Q

Which deficiency is more likely, sodium or potassium?

A

potassium, we don’t add potassium to our foods

181
Q

Guarana:

A

maple family, seeds contain 2–4.5% caffeine (1–2% for coffee bean)

182
Q

Löe study:

A

increased plaque leads to gingivitis

183
Q

Blood P concentration is about ___ mg P/100 ml

A

2.5–4.5

184
Q

Major Minerals:

A

(CaMPS) calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S)

185
Q

adults need about __ of water for each calorie of food

A

1 ml, or about 2.5 L of water for 2500 calories burned

186
Q

RDA for P for adults:

A

700 mg/day (same as Ca)

187
Q

TF? potassium is present in lesser amounts in the body than salt.

A

T

188
Q

RDA of selenium:

A

55ug/day

189
Q

RDA for Magnesium - ___ (f) -___ (m) mg/day

A

320 (f), 420 (m)

190
Q

Goiter is an increase in size of the:

A

thyroid gland

191
Q

Labels: “very low sodium” ≤ ___mg/serving

A

35

192
Q

What is the major mineral in osseous tissues?

A

calcium

193
Q

Zn deficiency can lead to:

A

small stature, anemia, impaired taste, impaired wound healing

194
Q

Calcium output in extreme heat:

A

up to 100 mg/hr, in perspiration

195
Q

Avg total water intake:

A

2,350ml (10 cups)

196
Q

about __ % of calcium is ionized and about __% is bound to albumin

A

50%, 50%

197
Q

What vitamins contains S

A

thiamin and biotin

198
Q

What will happen if a nursing mom’s Ca intake is low?

A

Ca is mobilized from her bones

199
Q

Typical adult intake __ - ___ g Na/day

A

3–7 g

200
Q

How much salt is found in the extracellular fluids?

A

125 g

201
Q

Water can supply __ - ____ mg/L of calcium

A

~0 to 200

202
Q

Minerals are found in:

A

skeleton, enzymes, hormones, and vitamins

203
Q

TF? Potassium is a major cation in intracellular fluid.

A

T

204
Q

How is Complement involved in host defense mechanism?

A

binds cell, aids phagocytosis, forms pores in cells

205
Q

Calcium absoprtion is inhibited by:

A

phytates (in dietary fiber), fats, & oxalic acid.

206
Q

These are both required for hemoglobin formation:

A

Cu and Fe

207
Q

Cells involved in cell mediated defense mechanism:

A

PMN, macrophages

208
Q

Carnitine:

A

nearly all cells, energy production with long-chain f.a., concentrated in skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver and kidneys produce from lysine and methionine, no evidence it improves physical performance

209
Q

Foods w lots of sodium added during processing:

A

bread, hot dogs, processed meats, cheese, soups, many tomato-based products, snack foods

210
Q

an average person contains about __ L of intracellular water

A

25

211
Q

major minerals (> ___ mg/day)

A

100

212
Q

NUG:

A

low grade, interproximal infection, damage to bone and oral structures

213
Q

TF? More iron in your body makes you more prone to cancer.

A

T

214
Q

RDA for copper adults:

A

900 ug/day

215
Q

may lose up to ___quarts (__lbs) of water during a marathon run

A

6, ~12 lb

216
Q

very hot weather, loss through skin up to __L /hr

A

~2 L / hr

217
Q

Sodium depletion may occur if a persons perspiration level is:

A

~ 2 g/L vs. 3g/L for plasma

218
Q

What food sources is involved in bone metabolism?

A

protein, Ca, PO4

219
Q

increased sodium leads to:

A

increased hypertension, limited to ~2 g/day (1/2 teaspoon)

220
Q

What % of the body weight do minerals make up?

A

4%

221
Q

TF? Ca content in human milk is affected by the mother’s intake.

A

F

222
Q

Is there slow or rapid turnover of the epi barrier?

A

rapid

223
Q

What is the copper deficiency?

A

no primary deficiency noted

224
Q

This is involved in humoral defense mechanism:

A

antibody production

225
Q

excess Ca can affect ___ and ___

A

Fe and Mg

226
Q

Minimum requirement of K+ in health:

A

2 g/day, vs. 0.5 g/day for sodium

227
Q

Mineral bioavailability depends on:

A

absorption and availability

228
Q

What is required for epithelial barrier function?

A

protein, zinc, folic acid, iron, vitamin A and C

229
Q

What food source is involved in collagen metabolism?

A

protein, vitamin C

230
Q

TF? Water can supply calcium

A

T

231
Q

What are the body stores of iron? (ferritin)

A

about 1 g

232
Q

A person has about __g of Fe

A

4

233
Q

___% of salt added during cooking and at table.

A

30-50

234
Q

Chloride is used by:

A

phagocytic cells to kill bacteria via the myeloperoxidase system

235
Q

What is an increase in thirst associated with?

A

increase in blood sodium

236
Q

How long can a person live without food? without water?

A

~8 weeks, few days

237
Q

About how many g of calcium is in the skeleton?

A

1200 g of Ca

238
Q

Avg water produced from metabolism:

A

350 ml (1.5 cups)

239
Q

Where do we get iodine supplementation?

A

iodized salt

240
Q

Thirst is associated with:

A

water depletion, not salt depletion

241
Q

This is a major etiologic factor in dental caries:

A

nutrition

242
Q

How is water present in food?

A

Simply there or by hydration

243
Q

Foods high in selenium:

A

cereals and meat

244
Q

Selenium balances with ___,

each spares the other

A

vitamin E

245
Q

Minimum requirement of salt for health is __ mg/day

A

500

246
Q

How many g of potassium is there in skeletal muscle ?

A

80 g

247
Q

How much iron is in myoglobin and cytochromes?

A

0.3 g

248
Q

oral symptoms of scurvy:

A

bright red, inflamed and edematous gingiva with bleeding, tooth mobility, swelling and bruising of extremities

249
Q

Food high in magnesium:

A

cereals and vegetables provide over 2/3 of our requirements for Mg2+, plants

250
Q

TF? natural food is high in sodium.

A

F. Low

251
Q

Iron deficiency is treated with:

A

ferrous salts

keep out of reach of children – risk of poisoning

252
Q

Periodontal Diseases is the result of:

A

bacterial infections

253
Q

Excess water:

A

> 10L cannot be removed by the kidneys, headaches, blurred vision, convulsions

254
Q

Sites of water output:

A

perspiration, lungs (respiration), urine, feces (greatest to lowest)

255
Q

Most Ca in the body is in this form:

A

hydroxyapatite

256
Q

Fxns of selenium:

A

antioxidant like vitamin C and E and b- carotene

257
Q

In non-haem iron, the ferric iron is bound to:

A

proteins, amino acids and organic acids

258
Q

Ca is in equilibrium between:

A

bone, extracellular water, and soft tissue

259
Q

Blood zinc levels:

A

about 0.1 mg/100ml

260
Q

Interactions of St. John’s Wort:

A

antidepressants, birth control, digoxin, dilantin and phenobarbital, warfarin (Coumadin)

261
Q

Magnesium content in person:

A

about 25g

262
Q

___ g H20 from 1 g of protein

A

0.4 g

263
Q

RDA for iron for Wwomen - > 50 yr:

A

8 mg/day

264
Q

How much salt is found in mineralized tissues?

A

90 g

265
Q

What is copper used for?

A

use of ferritin

266
Q

eat 3,000 calories, need __ L of water

A

3L

267
Q

___ of H20 from 1 g of fat

A

1.07 g

268
Q

TF? Chloride is a major anion in intracellular fluid.

A

F. extracelluar fluid

269
Q

How many __ mg of iodine in the thyroid?

A

8

270
Q

Noma is also known as:

A

cancrum oris, fusospirochetal gangrene, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, stomatitis gangrenosa

Nutrition in the Practice of Dentistry (5 decks)

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