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Nutrition in the Practice of Dentistry > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does a Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

night blindness OR xerophthalmia - dry eyes, (can cause of blindness)

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2
Q

How was Vitamin A deficiency cured over 2000 years ago?

A

liver or butterfat

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3
Q

Vit A exists as one of thee 3 forms:

A

an alcohol (retinol), an aldehyde (retinal), or an acid form (retinoic acid)

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4
Q

Vitamin A is found in:

A

some animal Fats and Fish oils

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5
Q

TF Vitamin A is found in vegetable oils.

A

F

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6
Q

Can Vitmain A be stored in the body?

A

yes

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7
Q

Where can Vitamin A be stored in the body?

A

liver

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8
Q

What is the precursor of vitamin A?

A

beta-carotene, a provitamin

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9
Q

Where is beta-carotene found?

A

plants, orange-yellow and dark green fruits and vegetables

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10
Q

TF Vit A is an antioxidant.

A

F.

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11
Q

TF Beta-carotene is an antioxidant.

A

T. Vit A is not

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12
Q

What is another name of a precusor of Vit A?

A

a provitamin

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13
Q

Major functions of Vit A:

A

formation of visual purple, epithelial differentiation (especially mucous secreting structures), bone remodeling, growth, reproduction, activation of cell membrane systems

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14
Q

This is related to Vit A and in visulal purple:

A

rhodopsin

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15
Q

rhodopsin contains:

A

retinal, which is removed with light

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16
Q

How is rhodopsin regenerated?

A

with retinol in the bloodstream

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17
Q

How does Vit A affect night blindness?

A

regeneration time is increased

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18
Q

Pathway of light:

A

light, eye, retinal cells (rods and cones), rhodopsin, opsin, retinal, signal to brain

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19
Q

Examples of retinal cells:

A

rods and cones

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20
Q

Light causes a change in:

A

rhodopsin to opsin and (trans) retinal, which is then released to signal the brain

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21
Q

What happens after retinal is converted back into its original, cis form?

A

rhodopsin is rebuilt

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22
Q

What vItamin is invovled in differentiation and proliferation of epithelial surfaces?

A

VIt A

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23
Q

What will happen if mucous secreting cells deteriorate?

A

insufficient eye lubrication, surface will keratinize leading to xerophthalmia

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24
Q

How is Vit A supplied to ppl in underdeveloped countries?

A

high dose supplements (60,000 RE) twice yearly to children, sugar may be added

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25
Q

What deficiency can cause follicular hyperkeratosis?

A

VIt A

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26
Q

RDA for Vit A?

A

900(male) to 700 (female) retinoal equivalents (RE)

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27
Q

1RE=

A

1 ug vitamin A or 6 ug of beta-carotene

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28
Q

1 ug vitamin A =

A

6 ug of beta-carotene

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29
Q

1 International Unit =

A

0.3 micrograms retinol

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30
Q

What foods contain preformed vitamin A?

A

liver, cream, butter, egg yolk

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31
Q

TF Vit A is very stable to cooking.

A

T

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32
Q

Food items with high Vit A content:

A

carrots, squash, sweet potatoes, peaches, apricots, cantoloupes, mangoes, papaya, broccolo, and spinach,

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33
Q

What it the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vit A for adults?

A

3000 ug/d

about 3 to 4 times the RDA

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34
Q

TF fat soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body

A

F

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35
Q

high doses of vitamin A can lead to:

A

weight loss, stunted growth, hair loss, nausea, bone tenderness, enlarged spleen and liver

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36
Q

Vit A deficiency symptoms:

A

night blindness, keratinization of epi tissues, xerophthalmia, infections

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37
Q

Normal funcitons of Vit A:

A

vision, cell differentiation, immunity

38
Q

teratogenic:

A

relating to or causing developmental malformations

39
Q

VIt A deficiency during pregnacy can lead to:

A

fetal malformations, spontaneous abortions

40
Q

Acute Vit A deficiency:

A

upset stomach, nausea, headaches, dizziness, muscle uncoordinations

41
Q

Chronic Vit A deficiency:

A

liver damage, hair loss, bone/muscle pain, loss of appetite, dry skin and mucous membrane, hemorrhages, coma, death

42
Q

What caused early Arctic explorers to die after eating polar bear liver?

A

Vit A toxicity, about 500,000 IU per oz

43
Q

What is hypercarotenemia?

A

developing orange skin, from excess carrot intake

44
Q

Name 2 Vit A derivatives:

A

13-cis retinoic acid (Isotretinoin) “Accutane AND trans-retinoic acid - “Retin A

45
Q

13-cis retinoic acid (Isotretinoin) is aka:

A

accutane

46
Q

trans-retinoic acid is aka:

A

Retin A, generic - Tretinoin - topical use

47
Q

Accutane is cleared from the body in __ days

A

10

48
Q

This drug can have serious side effects like birth defects:

A

accutane, oral medication

49
Q

Retin A is used to treat:

A

acne, reduce wrinkles and sun damage

50
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency can lead to:

A

Rickets

51
Q

How was rickets treated in the past?

A

fish liver oils

52
Q

Active ingredient of fish liver oils:

A

Vit D, look bow-legged

53
Q

How do we obtain Vitamin D?

A

diet or 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin following exposure to sunlight

54
Q

vitamin D2 is ___ and derived from ___

A

ERGOcalciferol, plants

55
Q

vitamin D3 ___ and produced here

A

CHOLEcalciferol, in animal tissues

56
Q

Pathway of vitamin D:

A

hydroxylated in liver, then to kidney to form 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol, the most biologically active form)

57
Q

How is Vit D transported to the liver?

A

bound to carrier protein in bloodstream

58
Q

Once vit D is transported to the liver, what happens?

A

it is metabolized to 25-OH Vit D

59
Q

What happens to 25-OH Vit D in the kidney?

A

metabolized to 1,25 (OH)2D

60
Q

What is the active Vit D hormone?

A

1,25 (OH)2 D

61
Q

A form of cholesterol is converted to this when exposed to sunlight:

A

cholecalciferol

62
Q

Fxns of Vit D

A

regulates calcium and bone metabolism, intestinal absorption of ca and p, works with parathyroid gland to maintain ca and p levels in serum

63
Q

deficiency of vitamin D leads to poor calcification of:

A

cartilage during bone development

64
Q

poor mineralization of the osteoid in Vit D deficiency results in:

A

skeletal deformities

65
Q

This can occur due to inadequate calcification following bone remodeling:

A

osteomalacia

66
Q

vitamin D deficiency during tooth development can lead to:

A

enamel and dentinal hypoplasia

67
Q

RDA for Vit D for infants to age 50:

A

5 ug of cholecalciferol

68
Q

RDA for Vit D for adults over 50 years old:

A

10 ug (400 IU)

69
Q

RDA for Vit D for adults over 70 years old:

A

15 ug (600 IU)

70
Q

TF Many foods have large amounts of vitamin D.

A

F. few

71
Q

main source of Vit D:

A

fortified milk, fish liver oils, and exposure to the sun (15 min per day)

72
Q

TF vitamin D is toxic at high doses.

A

T

73
Q

Upper Level of Vit D is

A 
50 ug (2000 IU) per day 
(5-10 X RDA), higher levels may be safe for adults
74
Q

What can overabsorption of calcium lead to?

A

Ca deposition (kidneys and other organs), metabolic disturbances and cell death

75
Q

Vit E was originally isolated from

A

wheat germ oil

76
Q

What Vit E derivative has the greatest activity?

A

a-tocopherol

77
Q

What does Vit E need for efficient absorption?

A

fat

78
Q

TF Vit E is an antioxidant.

A

T, limits free-radical reactions

79
Q

Vit E resides in:

A

cell membranes to help protect them from oxidation

80
Q

Fxns of Vit E:

A

helps to prevent fats from becoming rancid, increases the stability of cell membranes, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids and other oxygen sensitive compounds, protects Vit A

81
Q

Where in the cell are damaged free radicals?

A

LBilayer

82
Q

TF Vit E deficiency is common in humans.

A

F. rare

83
Q

What is the usual cause of Vit E dficiency?

A

a congenital or malabsorption disease

84
Q

Vit E deficiency generally presents with:

A

a slight decrease in red cell stability

85
Q

What can lead to Vit E deficiency?

A

Malfunction in absorption

86
Q

TF There will be more celllular damage to the membranes of RBCs without Vit E.

A

T

87
Q

RDA for Vit E:

A

15 mg a-TE for men & women (1 mg = 1.5 IU)

88
Q

Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Vit E:

A

1000 mg/d (1500 IU)

89
Q

Foods VIt E is found in:

A

veg/ plant oils (1/2 u.s. intake)

90
Q

TF? Animal fats have a lare amt of Vit E

A

F. almost non

91
Q

Levels of needed Vit E are proportional to:

A

intake of polnsaturated fats

Nutrition in the Practice of Dentistry (5 decks)

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