Last Lecture Flashcards
TF? A child’s development may be influenced by the mother’s nutrition prior to pregnancy.
T
Preterm:
before 37 wks
Critical Period:
period when cells for a specific organ/ tissue develops, nutrient deficiencies or excesses, tobacco, drugs, and alcohol can affect
If the mother is malnourished during critical period:
small placenta, smaller contact area with fetus, reduced nutrient delivery and waste removal
average contact area between the mother and fetus:
13 square meters (140 square feet)
TF? Protein is used less efficiently during pregnancy.
F. more efficiently
Enhanced absorption of these during pregnancy:
Calcium, iron
Reduced excretion of these during pregnancy:
Zinc, riboflavin
TF? Extra calories required during pregnancy are for the fetus and not the mother.
F. needed for both
When during pregnancy are there minimal changes in caloric needs?
First trimester
Extra calories per day needed during second trimester and third:
350, 450
What do we need to go from being an infant to an 18 year old?
14 million calories, 14 lbs ca, 430 lbs protein
% protein to consume over RDA during pregnancy.
50%
TF? Protein deficiency is common in the U.S.
F.
Essential fatty acids (EFA) are needed for this during pregnancy:
brain and eye development
Zinc deficiency during pregnancy may lead to:
birth defects, slowed growth, premature birth
Why are folate and B12 needed during pregnancy?
synthesis of DNA and blood cells, folate deficiency: neural tube defects
Iron is needed during pregnancy for:
moms RBC development (20-30% increase), fetal iron stores
Fetal bone and tooth development require (5):
vitamin D, ca, p, mg and f.
Mothers should eat foods rich in these to aid in fetal bone and tooth development:
vitamin D and calcium
Maternal Weight Gain, Underweight
under 18.5, 28 to 40
Maternal Weight Gain, Normal weight __ BMI and total weight gain (lbs):
18.5 to 24.9, 25 to 35
Maternal Weight Gain, overweight __ BMI and total weight gain (lbs):
25 to 29.9, 15 to 25
Maternal Weight Gain, overweight __ (typo? obese?) BMI and total weight gain (lbs):
Overweight ≤30, 11 to 20
Maternal weight gain first trimester:
1.1 to 4.4 lb. total
Maternal weight gain in second and third:
about 1.0 lb./week
Women may need an additional __ per day of water during lactation.
liter
Lactating women use ___ extra calories per day
800
Pregnant women need about ___ - ___ extra calories per day with the remaining ___-___ extra calories supplied by stored fat.
400 to 500, 300 to 400
birth weight should double in:
4 to 6 months
birth weight should triple by:
1 year
Infants and toddlers need ___ to ___ times the energy due to a larger surface area per lb.
2 to 4
Protein requirement for infants is ___ that of adults.
double
Fat ___ % of an infants caloric intake, at least __ grams of EFA
50, 5
Fat should be reduced to about __to___ % of calories by age 2.
30-35
Main carb in infant diets with starch intake:
lactose
Levels of this increase as cereals are added to a child’s diet:
lactose
TF? Infants are born with iron stores adequate for the first 12 months.
F. 6 mo
At what age do calcium needs increase?
9 yo
Most bone mass forms between these ages:
9 and 18
Low calcium, risk of:
osteoporosis
Vitamin D, needed for:
bones
TF? Newborns have high Vitamin K stores at birth
F. low, no bacteria to produce
What type of injections do we give infants?
vitamin K
What produces Vit K in the intestines a few months after birth?
bacteria
Human milk has more of these and less of these than cow’s milk:
More: fat and lactose, less: protein, ca, p
Protein content of human vs. cow milk:
11 vs. 31g, 20 more g in cows
Fat content of human vs. cow milk:
45 vs. 38g, 7g more in humans
Lactose content of human vs. cow milk:
71 vs. 47g, about 2 X the lactose in humans
Calcium content of human vs. cow milk:
350 vs. 1400 mg, 4 X as much in cos
Phosphorus content of human vs. cow milk:
140 vs. 900 mg, 6-7 X as much cows
It is best to nurse for __ months
6
How long should you nurse and provide infant foods?
first year
Human milk contains:
antibodies, lactoferrin, omega-3 fatty acids
Cow’s milk should not be fed to children before the age of ___ and then whole milk until at least age __.
1, 2
Infants need __ to __ oz. of formula every 2 to 4 hours.
2 to 3
Infants stomach holds about __ oz. of fluid.
3 oz.
When should solid foods should be added to infant diet?
6 months, 1 ingredient at a time, iron-fortified cereal, then fruits and vegetables
What is the least allergenic food?
Rice
What is the most allergenic food?
Wheat
How long should orange juice be avoided for in infant diet?
~1 year, due to acidity
Primary nutritional diseases:
inadequate diet, treat w adequate diet, e.g., beriberi, scurvy
Secondary nutritional diseases:
diet contributes, excess saturated fat related to atherosclerosis
What type of disease is anorexia?
nervous disease
Signs of anorexia:
extreme weight loss, poor, distorted body image, severe fear of obesity and weight gain
TF? Anorexia is self imposed.
T
Anorexia damages both __ and __ health.
physical and psychological
Anorexia affects about __ % of young women.
1
Anorexia is classified as weight __ % below normal with intense fear of gaining weight.
15
Anorexia can lead to:
hypoglycemia, osteroporosis, bone fractures, cardiac arrest, death
This is also called “ox-hunger:”
Bullimia, think hungry as an ox
Bullimia is binge eating of ___ to ___ cal in a short time
1,000–55,000
Avg. period of time of bullimia (times per per week for this duration):
≥2 times per week for 3 months
What terminates the binge in bullimia?
sleep, stomach ache, and/or vomiting
Bullimia is purging by:
vomiting, manual gagging, or an emetic
People with bullimia try to loose weight by:
use of diuretics, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise
TF? People with bullimia are most often underweight.
F. often maintain a normal weight
Tx for bullimia:
self help, nutritional counseling, antidepressants, therapy
Role of food prior to tooth eruption:
nutritional or systemic role, tooth development, maturation of stucture
Role of food after to tooth eruption:
topical or dietary role, maintenance of structure
We can modify the caries process by ___ rather than ______ changes.
dietary, nutritional
Dietary modification to alter the caries process:
change food and eating habits
What do we need to evaluate in dental dietary counseling?
frequency of between meal snacks, form and retentiveness of sugar snacks, sugar added to snacks and beverages
Cariogenic potential is related to:
time of contact of cariogenic plaque and fermentable carbohydrates
This study determined that frequency of snacking and length of time food is retained is more important than total amount of sugar being eaten:
Vipeholm study
TF? The sequence of eating can influence caries development.
T
TF? Eating some non- or minimally cariogenic foods (peanuts, cheese, meats, eggs, etc.) after sugar containing foods can reduce the cariogenic potential.
T
Dietary Rx to Reduce Dental Caries:
eat a nutritious, balanced, varied diet, reduce high-sugar content snacks, eat high sugar content foods at meals, eat non-cariogenic foods as between meals snacks
This may show patients their dietary deficiencies and excesses that play a role in caries development:
food diary
Why are follow-up visits necessary after diet counseling?
to modify likes and dislikes and patient compliance
What does the doctor provide in diet counseling?
direction and insight in food selections based on patient preferences
Types of services that should be provided with diet counseling:
both preventive and supportive services
the patient circles these foods after recording their diet for analysis:
foods they feel are sweetened or have added sugars including honey, raisins, figs, etc. and note the frequency of intake (stopped at slide 19)
