Quiz 4 Flashcards
Scenario: A full-term newborn is born via spontaneous vaginal delivery. During the initial assessment, the nurse notes a murmur while auscultating the heart. The newborn has pink extremities and is breathing comfortably.
Questions:
What is the likely cause of the murmur?
What is the typical timeframe for the ductus arteriosus to functionally close?
What other fetal shunts close shortly after birth?
What is the likely cause of the murmur?
Answer: Delayed closure of the shunts.
What is the typical timeframe for the ductus arteriosus to functionally close?
Answer: 12–24 hours after birth.
What other fetal shunts close shortly after birth?
Answer: Foramen ovale and ductus venosus.
Scenario: A preterm newborn at 34 weeks gestation is in the NICU. The nurse observes irregular respirations, grunting, and nasal flaring. The baby’s oxygen saturation is 88%.
Questions:
What respiratory adaptation challenges might this newborn be experiencing?
What nursing intervention should be prioritized?
What is the normal respiratory rate for a newborn?
What respiratory adaptation challenges might this newborn be experiencing?
Answer: Immature lungs and inadequate surfactant production.
What nursing intervention should be prioritized?
Answer: Provide supplemental oxygen and possibly administer betamethasone.
What is the normal respiratory rate for a newborn?
Answer: 30–60 breaths per minute.
Scenario: A 3-day-old newborn presents with yellowing of the skin and sclera. The mother reports the baby is breastfeeding but has had only one stool since birth.
Questions:
What type of jaundice is the newborn likely experiencing?
What nursing education should be provided to the mother to help reduce bilirubin levels?
When should phototherapy be considered?
What type of jaundice is the newborn likely experiencing?
Answer: Physiologic jaundice.
What nursing education should be provided to the mother to help reduce bilirubin levels?
Answer: Encourage frequent breastfeeding to promote stooling and bilirubin excretion.
When should phototherapy be considered?
Answer: If bilirubin levels are high and the newborn shows signs of worsening jaundice.
Scenario: A term newborn has a rectal temperature of 96.8°F (36°C) and exhibits lethargy and mottled skin. The baby is breastfeeding poorly.
Questions:
What is the likely cause of the newborn’s symptoms?
What interventions should the nurse implement to address cold stress?
How does cold stress affect glucose levels in newborns?
What is the likely cause of the newborn’s symptoms?
Answer: Cold stress leading to hypothermia.
What interventions should the nurse implement to address cold stress?
Answer: Place the newborn under a radiant warmer, wrap in warm blankets, and encourage skin-to-skin contact.
How does cold stress affect glucose levels in newborns?
Answer: It can lead to hypoglycemia.
Scenario: A newborn has the following findings at 1 minute after birth: heart rate 80 bpm, weak cry, some flexion, grimace, and acrocyanosis.
Questions:
What is the Apgar score for this newborn?
Answer: 5 (Heart rate: 1, Weak cry: 1, Flexion: 1, Grimace: 1, Acrocyanosis: 1).
What intervention should be performed next?
Answer: Provide positive pressure ventilation and reassess.
What is a reassuring Apgar score at 5 minutes?
Answer: A score of 7 or higher.
Scenario: A mother reports her newborn is not latching properly and cries frequently after breastfeeding. She is concerned about milk production.
Questions:
What advice can the nurse provide to improve the latch?
How often should a newborn be breastfed in the first few weeks?
What is an early sign of adequate milk intake?
What advice can the nurse provide to improve the latch?
Answer: Align the baby’s nose with the nipple for a deep latch. Use the LATCH method to assess breastfeeding effectiveness.
How often should a newborn be breastfed in the first few weeks?
Answer: 8–12 times per day.
What is an early sign of adequate milk intake?
Answer: At least 6–8 wet diapers per day.
Scenario: A nurse is assessing a newborn with sparse lanugo, dry peeling skin, and deep plantar creases. The mother reports a pregnancy of 42 weeks.
Questions:
What gestational age classification does this newborn fall into?
What are postterm newborns at risk for?
Which gestational age tool is commonly used for physical maturity assessment?
What gestational age classification does this newborn fall into?
Answer: Postterm.
What are postterm newborns at risk for?
Answer: Hypoglycemia, meconium aspiration, and placental insufficiency.
Which gestational age tool is commonly used for physical maturity assessment?
Answer: Ballard score.
Scenario: During a follow-up visit, parents report their newborn’s umbilical cord stump is moist and has a foul odor.
Questions:
What is the likely complication?
What is the appropriate nursing intervention?
What cord care instructions should the nurse reinforce?
What is the likely complication?
Answer: Omphalitis (umbilical cord infection).
What is the appropriate nursing intervention?
Answer: Notify the healthcare provider and initiate treatment to prevent sepsis.
What cord care instructions should the nurse reinforce?
Answer: Keep the cord clean and dry, and avoid covering it with a diaper.
Scenario: Parents of a newborn are transitioning from breastfeeding to formula feeding. They ask how to prepare and store formula safely.
Questions:
What should the parents do with leftover formula in the bottle after feeding?
How should formula be stored once prepared?
Why is it unsafe to heat formula in the microwave?
What should the parents do with leftover formula in the bottle after feeding?
Answer: Discard it to prevent bacterial growth.
How should formula be stored once prepared?
Answer: Store in the refrigerator and use within 24 hours.
Why is it unsafe to heat formula in the microwave?
Answer: It can create hot spots that might burn the baby.
Question: A nurse is assessing a 2-month-old infant. When the corner of the infant’s mouth is stroked, the infant turns their head toward the stimulation and opens their mouth. What does this indicate?
A. Abnormal reflex response requiring further evaluation
B. Normal rooting reflex development
C. Delayed reflex response
D. Presence of Moro reflex
Answer: B. Normal rooting reflex development
Rationale: The rooting reflex is present at birth and typically lasts until about 4 months of age. It helps the infant locate a breast or bottle for feeding.
Question: A nurse assesses a newborn by startling the infant with a loud noise. The infant responds by throwing back their head, extending the arms and legs, crying, then pulling the arms and legs back in. What should the nurse document?
A. Presence of the Moro reflex, which is normal in newborns
B. Absence of neurologic function
C. Hyperactive startle response
D. Possible seizure activity
Answer: A. Presence of the Moro reflex, which is normal in newborns
Rationale: The Moro reflex, or startle reflex, is present at birth and usually disappears by 2 months. It is a normal finding.
Question: A preterm newborn at 34 weeks gestation demonstrates a weak sucking reflex. What is the most likely explanation?
A. Neurological impairment
B. Premature development of the reflex
C. Normal for the gestational age
D. Feeding intolerance
Answer: C. Normal for the gestational age
Rationale: The sucking reflex begins at around 32 weeks of pregnancy but is not fully developed until about 36 weeks. Preterm infants often have an immature or weak sucking reflex.
Scenario: A first-time mother is preparing to take her newborn home. She asks how to tell if her baby is getting enough nutrition and when to call the doctor.
Questions:
What signs indicate that a newborn is feeding well?
What symptoms should prompt the mother to call the doctor?
Why is it important to schedule a follow-up visit?
What signs indicate that a newborn is feeding well?
Answer: Regular weight gain, 6–8 wet diapers, and yellow seedy stools (if breastfeeding).
What symptoms should prompt the mother to call the doctor?
Answer: Fever >100.4°F, poor feeding, lethargy, or jaundice worsening.
Why is it important to schedule a follow-up visit?
Answer: To assess weight gain, feeding progress, and overall health.
Question: When holding a newborn upright with their feet touching a flat surface, the nurse observes the infant lifting one foot, then the other, as if walking. What should the nurse interpret?
A. Delayed motor development
B. Normal stepping reflex
C. Absence of a rooting reflex
D. Abnormal response requiring evaluation
Answer: B. Normal stepping reflex
Rationale: The stepping reflex is normal in newborns and usually disappears by 2 months of age. It is also referred to as the walking or dance reflex.
Question: During an exam, the nurse turns the infant’s head to the right. The infant’s right arm stretches out, and the left arm bends at the elbow, resembling a fencing position. What should the nurse conclude?
A. This is a normal tonic neck reflex
B. The infant has a musculoskeletal abnormality
C. The infant demonstrates delayed reflex development
D. The reflex indicates neurological damage
Answer: A. This is a normal tonic neck reflex
Rationale: The tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing position, is normal and lasts until about 5 to 7 months of age.
Question: A nurse strokes the palm of a 4-month-old infant, and the infant closes their fingers around the nurse’s finger. What does this indicate?
A. Abnormal motor development
B. Normal grasp reflex
C. Absence of voluntary grasping
D. Possible neurologic impairment
Answer: B. Normal grasp reflex
Rationale: The grasp reflex is a normal response in infants and typically disappears by 5 to 6 months of age as voluntary grasping develops.
Question: Which fetal shunt closes first after birth?
A. Foramen ovale
B. Ductus arteriosus
C. Ductus venosus
D. Umbilical artery
Answer: C. Ductus venosus
Rationale: The ductus venosus closes within minutes after birth due to changes in blood flow after clamping the umbilical cord
Question: When does the foramen ovale close functionally after birth?
A. Within 2 to 3 weeks
B. 12 to 24 hours
C. Within several minutes
D. 6 months
Answer: C. Within several minutes
Rationale: Functional closure of the foramen ovale happens due to increased left atrial pressure and decreased right atrial pressure
Question: A murmur is heard in a healthy, full-term newborn. What is the nurse’s next step?
A. Refer for an echocardiogram immediately
B. Notify the provider
C. Document as a normal finding
D. Monitor oxygen saturation levels
Answer: C. Document as a normal finding
Rationale: A murmur in newborns is common and usually indicates transitional circulation changes.
Question: What is the normal respiratory rate for a newborn?
A. 20–40 breaths per minute
B. 30–60 breaths per minute
C. 60–80 breaths per minute
D. 10–20 breaths per minute
Answer: B. 30–60 breaths per minute
Rationale: Normal respiration in newborns is irregular, shallow, and unlabored with periods of apnea less than 15 seconds.
Question: What is the primary function of surfactant in a newborn?
A. Facilitate oxygen transport
B. Reduce alveolar surface tension
C. Increase pulmonary blood flow
D. Stimulate respiratory drive
Answer: B. Reduce alveolar surface tension
Rationale: Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse and aids in the newborn’s transition to air-breathing
Question: Which of the following is an example of heat loss by convection?
A. Baby is placed on a cold scale
B. Air from an open window cools the newborn
C. Liquid on the skin evaporates
D. Baby’s body heat radiates to a cold surface nearby
Answer: B. Air from an open window cools the newborn
Rationale: Convection occurs when heat is lost to the surrounding cooler air
Question: What is a common early sign of cold stress in a newborn?
A. Cyanosis
B. Poor feeding
C. Hypotonia
D. Tachypnea
Answer: D. Tachypnea
Rationale: Cold stress causes hypoxia and increased respiratory effort, leading to tachypnea
Question: What is the best way to reduce bilirubin levels in a healthy newborn?
A. Start phototherapy immediately
B. Encourage frequent feedings
C. Delay first feeding until bilirubin levels normalize
D. Avoid breastfeeding
Answer: B. Encourage frequent feedings
Rationale: Frequent feedings promote stooling, which helps excrete bilirubin
Question: Why is a vitamin K injection given to newborns?
A. To prevent bleeding disorders
B. To enhance immune function
C. To reduce jaundice risk
D. To improve oxygen transport
Answer: A. To prevent bleeding disorders
Rationale: Newborns have low levels of vitamin K, which is necessary for clotting
Question: Which sense is the least mature in newborns at birth?
A. Hearing
B. Vision
C. Smell
D. Taste
Answer: B. Vision
Rationale: Vision is the least developed sense at birth, while hearing is fully developed
Question: During which period is a newborn most alert?
A. Period of decreased responsiveness
B. First period of reactivity
C. Second period of reactivity
D. Sleep-wake transition
Answer: B. First period of reactivity
Rationale: The first period of reactivity occurs within the first 30 minutes to 2 hours after birth
Question: A newborn has a heart rate of 120 bpm, pink body, blue extremities, weak cry, some flexion, and grimaces when suctioned. What is the Apgar score?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
Answer: B. 6
Rationale: The baby scores 2 for heart rate, 1 for color, 1 for reflex irritability, 1 for muscle tone, and 1 for respiration
Question: What should parents be taught about cord care?
A. Keep the cord moist with alcohol swabs
B. Cover the cord with a diaper for protection
C. Allow the cord to air dry and fall off naturally
D. Pull the cord stump if it loosens
Answer: C. Allow the cord to air dry and fall off naturally
Rationale: Exposing the cord to air promotes drying and reduces infection risk
Question: Which newborn skin finding requires further evaluation?
A. Mongolian spots on the lower back
B. Erythema toxicum on the chest
C. Petechiae over the chest and face
D. Vernix caseosa in skin folds
Answer: C. Petechiae over the chest and face
Rationale: Petechiae can indicate infection or trauma and should be evaluated further
Question: Which reflex involves the infant extending the arms and legs when startled?
A. Moro reflex
B. Rooting reflex
C. Tonic neck reflex
D. Grasp reflex
Answer: A. Moro reflex
Rationale: The Moro reflex is also known as the startle reflex
Question: The nurse strokes the baby’s cheek, and the baby turns its head toward the stimulus. What reflex is being assessed?
A. Moro reflex
B. Rooting reflex
C. Tonic neck reflex
D. Stepping reflex
Answer: B. Rooting reflex
Rationale: The rooting reflex helps the newborn locate a breast or bottle for feeding and lasts about 4 months
Question: The baby is held upright with feet touching a flat surface, and it begins to lift one foot after the other. What reflex is this?
A. Stepping reflex
B. Grasp reflex
C. Moro reflex
D. Sucking reflex
Answer: A. Stepping reflex
Rationale: The stepping reflex, also called the walking reflex, is normal and disappears by 2 months
Question: Stroking the infant’s palm causes the baby to grasp the nurse’s finger. What reflex is this?
A. Rooting reflex
B. Tonic neck reflex
C. Grasp reflex
D. Moro reflex
Answer: C. Grasp reflex
Rationale: The grasp reflex lasts until about 5–6 months and is a normal finding
Question: Turning the baby’s head to one side causes the arm on that side to extend while the opposite arm flexes. What reflex is being tested?
A. Moro reflex
B. Tonic neck reflex
C. Rooting reflex
D. Sucking reflex
Answer: B. Tonic neck reflex
Rationale: Also called the “fencing position,” this reflex lasts until 5–7 months
Question: When the roof of the newborn’s mouth is touched, the baby begins to suck. Which reflex is this?
A. Rooting reflex
B. Sucking reflex
C. Moro reflex
D. Stepping reflex
Answer: B. Sucking reflex
Rationale: The sucking reflex helps the baby feed and is fully developed by 36 weeks gestation
Question: What intervention minimizes heat loss by evaporation in a newborn?
A. Wrapping the baby in a warm blanket
B. Placing the baby under a radiant warmer
C. Drying the newborn immediately after birth
D. Avoiding drafts in the delivery room
Answer: C. Drying the newborn immediately after birth
Rationale: Evaporation occurs when liquid on the skin turns into vapor. Drying the baby prevents heat loss
Question: What is a primary cause of heat loss through radiation?
A. Direct contact with a cold object
B. Heat transfer to nearby cooler conditons
C. Air currents blowing over the baby
D. Conversion of liquid to vapor
Answer: B. Heat transfer to nearby cooler conditions
Rationale: Radiation occurs when heat is lost to cooler conditions like ac near the newborn
Question: A newborn with cold stress is at risk for which complication?
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Hypoglycemia
C. Dehydration
D. Hyperthermia
Answer: B. Hypoglycemia
Rationale: Cold stress increases metabolic demand, depleting glucose stores and causing hypoglycemia
Question: When should a newborn pass the first meconium stool?
A. Within 24 hours of birth
B. Within 48–72 hours of birth
C. By the end of the first week
D. Within 12 hours of birth
Answer: A. Within 24 hours of birth
Rationale: Failure to pass meconium within 24 hours may indicate bowel obstruction
Question: How many wet diapers per day indicate adequate hydration in a newborn?
A. 2–4
B. 4–6
C. 6–8
D. 8–10
Answer: C. 6–8
Rationale: At least 6 wet diapers daily indicate proper hydration and feeding
Question: What is a physical characteristic of a postterm newborn?
A. Abundant lanugo
B. Peeling, cracked skin
C. Smooth, pink skin
D. Visible breast buds
Answer: B. Peeling, cracked skin
Rationale: Postterm infants often have peeling skin due to prolonged amniotic fluid exposure
Question: Which newborn is considered preterm?
A. Delivered at 38 weeks
B. Delivered at 40 weeks
C. Delivered at 36 weeks
D. Delivered at 42 weeks
Answer: C. Delivered at 36 weeks
Rationale: Preterm is defined as birth before 37 weeks gestation
Question: Which skin condition is most commonly seen in dark-skinned newborns?
A. Erythema toxicum
B. Mongolian spots
C. Milia
D. Port-wine stain
Answer: B. Mongolian spots
Rationale: Mongolian spots are common in darker-skinned newborns and are benign
Question: What is a distinguishing feature of a port-wine stain?
A. Raised, red area on the scalp
B. Flat, purple-red discoloration
C. Small pustules on the face
D. Blue discoloration of the lower back
Answer: B. Flat, purple-red discoloration
Rationale: Port-wine stains are capillary angiomas that do not fade over time
Question: Which intervention promotes breastfeeding success in the first hour after birth?
A. Placing the baby in an incubator
B. Administering formula supplements
C. Initiating skin-to-skin contact
D. Delaying feeding until 2 hours after birth
Answer: C. Initiating skin-to-skin contact
Rationale: Skin-to-skin contact stimulates breastfeeding and improves mother-infant bonding
Question: How long can expressed breast milk be stored in the refrigerator?
A. 12 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 48 hours
D. 72 hours
Answer: B. 24 hours
Rationale: Refrigerated breast milk should be used within 24 hours to maintain safety and quality
Question: What should parents avoid when preparing formula?
A. Mixing formula with warm water
B. Freezing prepared formula
C. Feeding every 3–4 hours
D. Testing the temperature before feeding
Answer: B. Freezing prepared formula
Rationale: Formula should not be frozen as it alters consistency and nutritional value
Question: A newborn exhibits mottled skin, lethargy, and poor muscle tone. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention?
A. Delay feedings until symptoms resolve
B. Place the newborn under a radiant warmer
C. Apply cold compresses to the newborn’s extremities
D. Increase oxygen supplementation
Answer: B. Place the newborn under a radiant warmer
Rationale: These symptoms indicate cold stress, which requires immediate warming to prevent complications
Question: Why should parents avoid propping a bottle during feedings?
A. It can cause choking
B. It reduces feeding efficiency
C. It disrupts bonding
D. It increases air swallowing
Answer: A. It can cause choking
Rationale: Bottle propping increases the risk of aspiration and tooth decay
Question: Which type of heat loss occurs when a newborn is placed on a cold mattress?
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Evaporation
Answer: B. Conduction
Rationale: Conduction occurs when heat is transferred through direct contact with a cold surface
Question: What is a normal finding for stool in a breastfed newborn?
A. Green and formed
B. Yellow-gold and loose
C. Brown and foul-smelling
D. White and pasty
Answer: B. Yellow-gold and loose
Rationale: Breastfed newborns typically have yellow-gold, loose, sour-smelling stools
Question: What is a priority nursing action for a newborn who has not voided within 24 hours of birth?
A. Monitor for signs of dehydration
B. Administer a feeding tube
C. Massage the bladder area
D. Document as a normal finding
Answer: A. Monitor for signs of dehydration
Rationale: Failure to void within 24 hours may indicate dehydration or genitourinary issues and requires monitoring
Question: A newborn is in the second period of reactivity. Which behavior is expected?
A. Deep sleep with no interest in feeding
B. Newborn is awake and interested in stimuli
C. Minimal movement and low heart rate
D. Lethargy and decreased responsiveness
Answer: B
Question: At 1 minute after birth, a newborn has a heart rate of 80 bpm, irregular respirations, some flexion, grimace, and blue extremities. What is the Apgar score?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
Answer: A. 4
Rationale: The baby scores 1 for heart rate, 1 for respiration, 1 for muscle tone, 1 for reflex irritability, and 0 for color
Question: What Apgar score indicates that a newborn requires immediate resuscitation?
A. 0–3
B. 4–6
C. 7–9
D. 8–10
Answer: A. 0–3
Rationale: An Apgar score of 0–3 indicates severe distress and requires immediate resuscitation
Question: What is a sign of infection at the umbilical cord site?
A. Yellow crusting
B. Foul odor
C. Dry, black stump
D. Decreased size of the stump
Answer: B. Foul odor
Rationale: A foul odor, redness, or discharge at the cord site indicates infection and requires medical attention
Question: Parents ask when the umbilical cord will fall off. What is the correct response?
A. “It will fall off in 1–3 days.”
B. “It will fall off within 1–2 weeks.”
C. “It will fall off in about a month.”
D. “It will fall off when the baby starts walking.”
Answer: B. “It will fall off within 1–2 weeks.”
Rationale: The umbilical cord stump typically dries and falls off within 7–14 days
Question: Which of the following newborn skin variations requires no treatment?
A. Port-wine stain
B. Erythema toxicum
C. Petechiae
D. Pustules
Answer: B. Erythema toxicum
Rationale: Erythema toxicum is a benign rash that resolves on its own within a few days
Question: A newborn has fused eyelids, absent plantar creases, and thin skin. What is the gestational age classification?
A. Preterm
B. Term
C. Postterm
D. Small for gestational age
Answer: A. Preterm
Rationale: These are physical characteristics of a preterm newborn
Question: A breastfeeding mother reports cracked nipples. What advice should the nurse give?
A. Pump breast milk instead of breastfeeding
B. Use lanolin cream on the nipples after feeding
C. Apply alcohol-based cleansers to the nipples
D. Delay feedings until the nipples heal
Answer: B. Use lanolin cream on the nipples after feeding
Rationale: Lanolin cream soothes cracked nipples and supports healing while breastfeeding continues
Question: How often should a newborn breastfeed in the first few weeks?
A. Every 6 hours
B. Every 2–3 hours
C. Twice a day
D. Every 12 hours
Answer: B. Every 2–3 hours
Rationale: Frequent feeding (8–12 times/day) promotes milk production and ensures adequate nutrition
Question: How should a parent warm refrigerated formula for feeding?
A. Microwave it for 1 minute
B. Place it in boiling water
C. Run it under warm tap water
D. Let it sit at room temperature for several hours
Answer: C. Run it under warm tap water
Rationale: Microwaving or boiling formula can create hot spots; running it under warm water ensures even warming
Question: Which is a key teaching point for formula feeding?
A. Prepare formula for a week at a time
B. Always refrigerate prepared formula
C. Add extra water to reduce cost
D. Mix formula and water without following label instructions
Answer: B. Always refrigerate prepared formula
Rationale: Prepared formula should be refrigerated and used within 24 hours
Question: Which body part should be washed first when bathing a newborn?
A. Diaper area
B. Face
C. Abdomen
D. Back
Answer: B. Face
Rationale: Start with the cleanest areas, such as the face, and progress to dirtier areas
Question: What is a key safety teaching point for parents about newborn baths?
A. Leave the baby unattended briefly to get supplies
B. Always support the newborn’s head and neck
C. Use hot water to prevent heat loss
D. Bathe the newborn daily
Answer: B. Always support the newborn’s head and neck
Rationale: Supporting the newborn’s head and neck ensures safety during handling
Question: Which fetal shunt closes within several minutes after birth?
A. Ductus arteriosus
B. Foramen ovale
C. Ductus venosus
D. Umbilical artery
Answer: B. Foramen ovale
Rationale: The foramen ovale and ductus venosus close shortly after birth, while the ductus arteriosus closes within 12-24 hours.
Question: When does the ductus arteriosus anatomically close in healthy newborns?
A. Within minutes
B. 12-24 hours
C. 2-3 weeks
D. 6 months
Answer: C. 2-3 weeks
Rationale: While functional closure occurs within 12-24 hours, permanent closure takes 2-3 weeks.
Question: What is a key nursing intervention to prevent hyperbilirubinemia?
A. Delay feeding
B. Initiate phototherapy immediately
C. Encourage frequent feedings
D. Keep the baby in a warm environment
Answer: C. Encourage frequent feedings
Rationale: Frequent feedings promote stooling, which helps eliminate bilirubin.
Question: What is the primary mechanism for heat production in newborns?
A. Shivering
B. Sweating
C. Nonshivering thermogenesis
D. Increased activity
Rationale: Newborns use brown fat metabolism (nonshivering thermogenesis) to maintain body heat.
Parts of neuromuscular maturity
Posture, square window, arm recoil, popliteal angle, scarf sign, heel to ear
Parts of physical maturity
Skin, lanugo, plantar surface, breast, eye-ear, genitals
