Quiz 4

Question 1

Political Violence

Answer 1

Politically motivated violence outside of state control

Question 2

What causes people to resort to violence?

Answer 2

Larger collective political struggle? Beyond state sovereignty.
International-Domestic, War-Peace, Law-Crime, become blurry lines

Question 3

Specifically WHAT causes political violence? (3)

Answer 3

1. Institutional
2. Ideational
3. Individual

Question 4

Institutional Cause

Answer 4

State and Regimes, Capitalism and Communism, Culture and Religion. Institutions contain norms/values that encourage political violence or constrain human activity.

Question 5

Ideational Cause

Answer 5

Having to do with ideas. Justify/promote violence. Shape worldview.

Question 6

Individual Cause

Answer 6

Psychological or strategic factors that lead people to carry out violence.

Question 7

What are the Forms of Political Violence?

Answer 7

Revolution
Terrorism (State-Sponsored terrorism)

Question 8

Revolution Form

Answer 8

A public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.
Violence is not required but likely.
Expectations vs Results
Meeting expectations still can lead to revolution

Question 9

Terrorism Form

Answer 9

The use of violence by non-state actors against civilians to achieve a political goal

Question 10

State-Sponsored Terrorism

Answer 10

State sponsored non-state terrorist groups to expand their power by proxy and achieve foreign policy goals.
Civilian targets vs collateral

Question 11

Nihilism

Answer 11

-Causes terrorism
A belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless and that the only redeeming value a person can embrace is violence
-Low success rate in politics

Question 12

Something to remember!

Answer 12

Authoritarian governments have a lower risk of terrorism than democratic governments do.

Question 13

General Revolution Theories

Answer 13

1. Misery breeds revolt
2. When states face an accumulation of difficulties

Question 14

Misery breeds revolt

Answer 14

Change in a society that raises people’s expectations for a better life without providing the means for meeting those expectations.

Question 15

When states face an accumulation of difficulties

Answer 15

When state faces economic or political issues, a resulting crisis can open the society to radical ideological change and mobilization

Question 16

Structural Theories on Revolution

Answer 16

1. States and Elites
2. Loyalty of Army is crucial
3. “Neo-patrimonial” states

Question 17

States and Elites

Answer 17

1. The state tries to extract resources from society and mobilize it.
2. The state maintains elite-monopolized political institutions.

Question 18

Neo-patrimonial states

Answer 18

Government is personal
Executive control based on elites support through informal systems of reward
Vulnerable to economic downturns
Patronage network may crumble
Internal collapse can lead to regime collapse

Question 19

Peasant Uprising

Answer 19

Only successful if peasants have solidarity, numbers, and vulnerability of landlords.

Question 20

Urban Uprising

Answer 20

Large masses of workers target obvious areas for political violence (state capitol, palaces, capital cities, etc.)
Urban residents are not isolated, ignorant, or disorganized
Two main grievances: Cost of food, availability of employment

Question 21

Conditions where ethnic differences become laden with conflict

Answer 21

1) Ethnicizing bureacracy
2) Educational elite excluded from state apparatus
3) Unequal distribution of goods

Question 22

Ethnicizing bureacracy

Answer 22

When a bureaucracy as an actor in state-building takes on a ethnic tint

Question 23

Client Groups

Answer 23

In order to legitimize government power, bureaucracy and economy can be politicized by clientelism

Question 24

Educational Elites

Answer 24

Ethnic prejudice is developed among members of the educated middle classes
- minority group sees themselves as disadvantaged
-sometimes a legacy of colonial practice
-integration and education allows ethnic minorities to become aware of their disadvantage

Question 25

Causes of Mobilization

Answer 25

1 Ethnic lines overlap with socioeconomic lines
2 Ethnic status given at birth cannot be changed
3 The need for an identifying factor
4 Bodily impression left by public rituals (rituals, holidays, symbols)

Question 26

Unequal Distribution of goods

Answer 26

State resources
Government officials treat their own ethnic group with preference
Not public benefit but collective goods attainable by those who belong to the ‘proper’ ethnic group
Unequal costs (taxes, regional appropriation)
All members become victims

Question 27

State resources

Answer 27

territorial sovereignty, protection from arbitrary violence, social and legal security, political representation, financial redistribution, economic infrastructure, symbols of independence, and state power

Question 28

Characteristics of Terrorism

Answer 28

1. The use of violence
2. Political objectives
3. The intention of sowing fear in a target population

Question 29

Terrorism by the UN, US, LoN, and KSA

Answer 29

The UN and the US more similar in definition, LoN very general and vague, KSA is centered around rejection of Islam or atheism against Islam, or questioning of kings, government, parties, organizations, etc.

Question 30

Ethnic Heterogeneity

Answer 30

Ethnic density, defined as the proportion of first and second generation immigrants with 2 foreign-born parents. (Don’t understand this one)

Question 31

State Building

Answer 31

Elites use ethnicity in this.

Question 32

Non-state Actor Targets State Actor

Answer 32

Guerilla Warfare

Question 33

State actor engages in political violence on non-state actors

Answer 33

War Crimes