Quiz 2 Flashcards
Democracy
Political power exercised either directly or indirectly by the people through participation, competition, and liberty
Liberal Democracy
A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty.
- rooted in liberal ideology
-social democracies
-mercantilist political economies
Public Participation
Attributed to athenian democracy
Republicanism and Separation of Powers
Attributed to the roman empire with representative elections
Magna Carta
Curbed powers of the monarch
Created foundations for legislative boyd ?
Legal due process (for some)
England had geographical advantage because of…
Island, sea trade
Balance of power
Modernization Theory
-You know this
-It fell out of favor in the 70’s
-Democracy becoming a failure in Latin America and Asia developing in a different direction
Elites
Think of the question of what leads and elite to maintain vs surrender power
Democracy becomes a question of economics and wealth
Civil Society
Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests
International Relations
FDI, globalization, and trade
International pressure and incentives
Viewpoints on Culture and Democracy
- Democracy is tied to your culture
- Democratization is less likely further from the west that you are
- Culture will shape the form of democracy
Institutions of the Democratic State
Executive, Legislative, Judicial
Executive
-Branch that carries out the laws and policies of a state
-Head of state, represents the people and goals of the regime
-Head of government, deals with everyday tasks of running the state (domestic policy)
-Separate roles are rooted in Monarchs v Ministers
Judicial
Rule of Law: the sovereignty of law over the people and elected officials.
Constitutional Court: Ensuring that legislation is compatible with the constitution.
Three Main Models of Democracy
Parliamentary, Presidential, Semi-Presidential
Parliamentary System
-A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices
-Main power is with Prime
-Minister (not directly elected)
-President/Monarch is largely ceremonial
-PM’s can be removed with vote of not confidence
They can also call for elections (within a time frame)
-Majority of democracies
Presidential System
You know this idiot
Semi-Presidential System
- An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister
- inverted parliamentary system
Single Member Districts
Votes cast for individuals, candidate with the largest share wins seat or majority. Fewer and larger parties
Proportional Representation (Multimember districts)
Proportional Representation (Multimember districts): Votes cast for parties, seats divided among parties on basis of share of vote. More smaller parties
Mixed System
Votes cast both for parties and for individuals. Some seats filled by individual races, some by party outcome. Mixed outcome.
Developed Democracies
A country with institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic output
Stages of Development
Before: First, Second, and Third world
Developed, communist, post-communist, and developing
Developed (Economically)
Private property, open markets, GDP, PPP
- subjectivity is involved
In Developed Democracies
-Agriculture percentage is low
-Greater Industry and services
-High Human Development Index (HDI)
-Overall well-being of society
-Looks at per capita income, life expectancy, and education to score
Difference between Freedom and Equality
Freedom can vary while still maintaining the core features of a developed democracy
Difference in equality is in the function of the state
-Difference in the role of distribution of wealth
-State expenses and scope of welfare programs
Modern Lens of Sovereignty
characterized as secular, rational, materialistic, technological, bureaucratic, and placing greater emphasis on individual freedom than in the past
Post-Modern Lens of Sovereignty
Characterized by a set of values that center on quality of life consideration and give less attention to material gain
Sovereignty
Integration and Devolution
Integration
-Process by which state pool their sovereignty, surrendering some individual powers in exchange for political, economic, or societal benefits
-Think: EUROPEAN UNION
Devolution
Process of devolving or sending down political power to lower levels of government
Increase is Immigration
immigration is rise in xenophobia
Democratic collapse reasons?
Political, Economic, Socioeconomic
Which of the three reasons for democratic collapse explain portugal? (and many other states)
Socioeconomic. Neither political nor economic.
Democratic Deconsolidation
Rapid distrust in systems
A lot of trust in leaders, not as much in congress or national parliaments
Polarization, legislative gridlock
Disconnect between political parties and citizens
Problematic public information space
Mutual Toleration
accepting one’s political rivals as legitimate political actors
Forbearance
the idea that parties should be restrained in their use of institutional prerogatives
Authoritariansm
A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public
Non-Democratic Regimes
Regimes in which a political regime is controlled by a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public
The public plays little to no role in selecting or removing leaders
Totalitarianism
Is a form of nondemocratic rule with a highly centralized state whos regime has a well-defined ideology and seeks to transform and fuse the institutions of the state, society, and the economy
Main goal: To transform the total institutional fabric of a country to meet an ideological goal
Violence destroys enemies and wills
Resource Trap
The theory of development in which the existence of natural resources in a given state is a barrier to modernization and democracy
- No need for taxation
- No need for development
- Non-portable (surrendering power)
Populism
A political view that does not have a consistent ideological foundation, but that emphasizes hostility toward elites and established state and economic institutions and favors greater power in the hands of the public
Personality Cult
Rule by increasing veneration of leadership - an emotional appeal to legitimize rule
Someone who embodies the spirit of the nation
Clientilism
A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support
Coercion and Surveillance
A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support
Corporatism
A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state.
What are the four types of political control?
Personality cult, clientilism, coercion and surveillance, corporatism
Types of democratic rule
Personal/Monarchical rule, Military Rule, One-party Rule, theocracy, illiberal regimes
What are the six dimensions of legitimacy?
- Foundational myth
- Ideology
- Personalism
- International Engagement
- Procedures
- Performance
Foundational Myth
Elites/rulers linking their role in the state-building process
Legitimacy forged in violent struggle
War, revolutions, liberation movements, etc.
You embody the will of the people
Ideology
Narratives and claims of the righteousness of a political order
Usually reference nationalism
Pronounced following a change of government
New leadership trying to strengthen national consciousness
Personalism
Aka charisma
An extraordinary and persuasive personality
Excels are articulating and tapping into broad public sentiment
You portray yourself from above
International engagement
Role in the international system
Re-claiming international prestige
Prominent role in international negotiations and debate
Procedures
Legitimacy based on legal processes to reinforce rule
Deeply flawed elections
Legalistic framework
Etc.
Performance
Legitimacy by output
Success in satisfying the citizens needs
Provide satisfactory life and lifestyle for citizens
Stay in your lane mentality
If I get certain conditions, I won’t disrupt the government
Historical Praetorian State
The action of a small military contingent in the Imperial capital of Rome who moved to preserve the legitimacy of the empire by defending the Senate against the encroachment of triumphant or rebellious military garrisons marching on the capital
Guard has a monopoly on local military power
There was an absence of rules of succession
Prestige of the Roman Senate
Modern Praetorian State
A state where the military tends to intervene and potentially could dominate the political system
When do praetorian states develop?
Civilian institutions lack legitimacy
(Dominated by military)
Early middle states of modernization
Material improvements and ideological perspectives do not match
Traditional institutions are unable to bring material improvement
Modernized elites are unable to establish meaningful institutions and momentum
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
What are the two types of praetorian armies?
Arbitrator and Ruler
Arbitrator
acceptance of existing social order
Willing to return to barracks after disputes
No independent political organization
No attempt to maximize army rule
Time limit for rule until acceptable regime is established
Concern with professionalism
Operates beind scenes as pressure group
Low level of national consciousness
Fear of civilian retribution
Ruler type
reject existing social order
Political organization
No confidence in civilian rule, no expectation to return to the barracks
Maximize army rule
Convition that army rule is only alternative to political disorder
Politicization of professionalism
Operation in the open
High level of national consciousness
Littler fear of civilian retribution
