foundations of nursing > quiz 4 > Flashcards
quiz 4 Flashcards
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram
Echo
echocardiogram
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
ED
emergency department or erectile dysfunction
EEG
electroencephalogram
EMS
emergency medical services
EMT
emergency medical technician
ENT
ears, nose and throat
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD
end stage renal disease
ETT
endotracheal tube
ETA
estimated time of arrival
ETOH
alcohol (ethanol)
FBS
fasting blood sugar
Fe
iron
FFP
fresh frozen plasma
FiO2
fraction of inspired oxygen
FUO
fever of unknown origin
Fx
fracture
GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
gm
gram(s)
gtt(s)
drop(s)
GU
genitourinary
GYN
gynecology
Hct
hematocrit
HDL
high density lipoprotein
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose and throat
Hgb
hemoglobin
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HOB
head of bed
H&P
history and physical
HPI
history of present illness
HR
heart rate
HS
hour of sleep
HTN
hypertension
Hx
history
adverse effect
severe side effects that may justify the discontinuation of the drug
agonist
when a drug produces the same type of response as the physiologic or endogenous substance
ex. epinephrine-like drugs act on the heart to increase heart rate
- chemically bind w/ receptors at the cellular level
anaphylactic reaction
severe allergic reaction that occurs immediately after the administration of the drug
- can be fatal if symptoms are not noticed immediately and treatment is not obtained promptly
- earliest symptoms are subjective feeling of swelling in the mouth, fatigue, acute shortness of breath, acute hypotension, tachycardia
antagonist
drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites
- prevents natural body substances or other drugs from activating the functions of the cell by occupying the receptor sites
ex. naloxone (Narcan) is an opioid antagonist used as an antidote for respiratory depression caused by an opioid drug (e.g., morphine)
buccal
pertaining to the cheek
- buccal administration: medication is held in the mouth against the mucous membranes of the cheek until the drug dissolves
- may act locally on mucous membranes of mouth or systematically when it is swallowed in the saliva
drug allergy
immunologic reaction to a drug
- when client is first exposed to a foreign substance (antigen), the body may react by producing antibodies
- client can react to a drug in the same manner as an antigen and develop symptoms of an allergic reaction
- can be mild or severe, occur a few minutes-2 weeks after admin of drug
drug interaction
occurs when the administration of one drug before, at the same time as, or after another drug alters the effect of one or both drugs
- can be beneficial or harmful
- effect of one or both drugs may be increased (potentiating effect) or decreased (inhibiting effect)
- when 2 of the same type of drug increase the action of each other, the effect is known as additive
drug toxicity
harmful effects of a drug on an organism or tissue that results from overdosage, ingestion of a drug intended for external use, or buildup of the drug in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion (cumulative effect)
- some apparent immediately, others not for weeks
- prevented with attention to dosage and monitoring
ex. respiratory depression due to the cumulative effect of morphine sulfate in the body
distribution
transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action
- when a drug enters the bloodstream, it is carried to the most vascular organs (liver, kidneys, brain)
- body areas w/ lower blood supply (skin and muscle) receive the drug later
ex. fat-soluble drugs accumulate in fatty tissue
excretion
the process by which metabolites and drugs are eliminated from the body
ex. kidneys, feces, breath, perspiration, saliva, breast milk
gauge of shaft
larger the gauge number, the smaller the diameter of the shaft
- smaller gauges produce less tissue trauma, but large gauges are necessary for viscous medications such as penicillin
- gauge varies from #18-#30
- shaft is attached to the hub
generic name
assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council and is used throughout the drug’s lifetime
- drugs can have 4 names: generic name, trade name (brand name), official name, chemical name
- part of medication order
ex. hydrochlorothiazide
intramuscular
route of administration into a muscle
- form of parenteral administration
- can administer larger volume than subcutaneous, drug is rapidly absorbed
- can produce anxiety, breaks skin barrier
- predictable rate of absorption
- onset of action slower than IV
- 90 degrees
intradermal
route of administration under the epidermis into the dermis (15 degrees)
- form of parenteral administration
- absorption is low (advantage for allergy testing)
- forearms are ideal location; used for TB testing
- reduced blood supply; meds are potent
intravenous
route of administration into a vein
- form of parenteral administration
- rapid effect, but limited to highly soluble drugs
- IV Continuous/Bolus: medication/fluid administration directly into veins over time; consistent and controlled
- IVP: undiluted drug, slowly pushed; provides rapid & predictable absorption
- continuous/bolus, push, piggyback
medication reconciliation
process of identifying the most accurate list possible of all medications a patient is taking - including name, dosage, frequency, and route - and using this list to provide correct medications for patients anywhere within the healthcare system
- involves comparing the patient’s current list of medications against the physician’s admission, transfer or discharge orders
metabolism (biotransformation/detoxification)
process by which a drug is converted to a less active form
- majorly takes place in the liver, where drug-metabolizing enzymes in the cells detoxify the drugs
parenteral
route via a needle (other than through alimentary or respiratory tract)
- includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous
- intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraosseous, intrathecal/intraspinal, intrapleural, epidural, intra-articular
- sterile equipment and sterile drug solution are essential
- main advantage is fast absorption
PRN order (as-needed order)
permits the nurse to give a medication when, in the nurse’s judgment, the client requires it
ex. Amphojel 15 mL pm
side effect (secondary effect)
an effect that is unintended
- predictable and harmless/harmful
ex. digitalis increases strength of myocardial contractions (desired effect) but can have side effects of nausea and vomiting
single order (one-time order)
medication to be given once at a specified time
ex. Seconal 100 milligrams at bedtime before surgery
standing order
may or may not have a termination date
- may be carried out indefinitely (ex. multiple vitamins daily) until an order is written to cancel it or may be carried out for a specified number of days (ex. KCI twice daily x 2 days)
- in some agencies, standing orders are automatically canceled after a specified number of days and must be reordered
sublingual
drug is placed under the tongue, where it dissolves
- in a short time, drug is largely absorbed into the blood vessels on the underside of the tongue
- shouldn’t be swallowed because can become inactivated by gastric juice
- more potent than oral because directly enters blood
ex. Nitroglycerin
subcutaneous
administration into the subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin that overlies the muscle
- absorption is slower than IM (advantage for insulin and heparin administration)
- 45 or 90 degrees
synergistic effect
occurs when two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug
ex. probenecid blocks excretion of penicillin, and can be given with penicillin to increase blood levels of the penicillin for longer periods (synergistic effect)
- form of potentiating effect
topical
applied locally to the skin or to the mucous membranes
- absorbed locally or into circulatory system
- include dermatologic preparations (applied to skin), instillations and irrigations (applied into body cavities or orifices, such as the urinary bladder, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, or vagina), inhalations (administered into the respiratory tract by a nebulizer or positive pressure breathing apparatus - air/oxygen/vapor carried)
ex. dermatologic creams, ointments, lotions, gel, powder, transdermal patch
- ensure skin is clean, dry, intact & free from impairment
- wear gloves when handling & applying
- skin, rectal, vaginal, ear, eye, inhalation
trade name (brand name)
name given by the drug manufacturer and identifies it as property of that company
- one drug may be manufactured by several companies and have several trade names
ex. drug hydrochlorothiazide (generic name) is known by the trade names Esidrix and HydroDIURIL
therapeutic effect (desired effect)
primary effect intended, reason the drug is prescribed
ex. therapeutic effect of morphine sulfate is analgesia, therapeutic effect of diazepam is anxiety relief
