quiz 10

Question 1

dawn phenomenon

Answer 1

early morning rise (5-6am) in blood glucose due to nighttime release of adrenal hormones
- can be managed by providing more insulin for overnight period

Question 2

diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired processes in glucose metabolism that include reduced insulin secretion or reduced insulin action or both
- chronic, common, complex disorder of impaired nutrient metabolism, specifically glucose, that impairs function of the body system
FBS > or = 126 mg/dL, casual test greater than 200 mg/dL
type 1 immune cells/antibodies destroy insulin secreting cells
type 2: more common, insulin resistance that is developed

Question 3

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 3

• excessive breakdown of fatty acids
• caused by absence of insulin and inc in hormone release that leads to increased liver and kidney glucose production
  severe, acute complication of diabetes that is characterized increased production of ketones, uncontrolled hyperglycemia, and metabolic acidosis
• symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fruity breath, vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, weakness, confusion, shock, coma

Question 4

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Answer 4

progressive deterioration of nerve function with loss of sensory perception
- pain, muscle weakness, foot ulcers, organ dysfunction
- distal symmetric polyneuropathy (sensory, motor) and autonomic neuropathy (GI, cardiovascular, nephropathy)

Question 5

gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

high blood sugar with onset during pregnancy
- hormone made by the placenta prevents body from using insulin effectively

Question 6

glucosuria

Answer 6

glucose in the urine
- causes: diabetes, eating too much glucose

Question 7

hemoglobin A1c

Answer 7

a standardized test that measures how much glucose permanently attaches to a hemoglobin molecule, and is used to check the effectiveness of a blood glucose level

Question 8

hyperglycemia

Answer 8

high blood glucose levels
- FBS > or = 126 mg/dL, casual test greater than 200 mg/dL
- dry mouth, increased thirst, weakness, headache, blurred vision, frequent urination

Question 9

hypoglycemia

Answer 9

low blood glucose levels
- less than 70 mg/dL
- hunger, irritability, sleepiness, sweating, pallor

Question 10

hypoglycemia unawareness

Answer 10

in pt w/ DM type 1: when pt no longer have warning symptoms of early hypoglycemia, which is needed to prompt preventative action
in pt w/ DM > 30 years
can also occur in pt w/ DM type 2

Question 11

hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome

Answer 11

a severe acute hyperosmolar state caused by hyperglycemia

Question 12

polyphagia

Answer 12

excessive eating

Question 13

somogi effect

Answer 13

fasting hyperglycemia with prior hypoglycemia (morning hyperglycemia with the counterregulatory response to nighttime hypoglycemia)