foundations of nursing > quiz 2 > Flashcards
quiz 2 Flashcards
bid
two times per day
BiPAP
bilevel positive airway pressure
BKA
below knee amputation
BLS
basic life support
BM
bowel movement
BMI
body mass index
BP
blood pressure
BPH
benign prostatic hypertrophy
bpm
beats per minute
BRP
bath room privileges
BS
bowel sounds or breath sounds
BSC
bedside commode
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
DP
deep breathing
DBP
diastolic blood pressure
D&C
dilation and curettage
D/C
discontinue or discharge
Diff.
differential white blood cell count
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
DJD
degenerative joint disease
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
DM
diabetes mellitus
DNR
do not resuscitate
DOA
dead on arrival
DOB
date of birth
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
drsg
dressing
DTs
delirium tremens
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
Dx
disease or diagnosis
adherence
the degree to which clients follow the agreed-on recommendations of healthcare providers
- implies a collaborative and cooperative relationship between nurses and clients based on shared responsibility
acute illness
typically characterized by symptoms of relatively short duration
- appear abruptly, subside quickly, and may or may not require intervention by healthcare professionals
- some are serious but many subside without medical intervention or with over-the-counter medicine
ex. colds, appendicitis
chronic illness
illness that lasts for an extended period, usually 6 months or longer, and often for the individual’s life
- slow onset and have periods of remission, where symptoms disappear, and exacerbation, when symptoms reappear
ex. arthritis, heart and lung disease, diabetes mellitus
disease
alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal lifespan
- multiple factors are considered to interact in causing disease and determining an individual’s response to treatment
primary prevention: true prevention that lowers the chance a disease will develop
secondary prevention: focuses on those who have a disease or are at risk of developing
etiology
causation of a disease or condition
- identification of all casual factors that act together to bring about the particular disease
ex. tubercle bacillus is the biological agent of TB but etiologic factors such as age, nutritional status, and occupation are involved in the development of TB
exacerbation
the period during a chronic illness when symptoms reappear after remission
health beliefs
concepts about health that an individual believes are true
- some beliefs may or may not be founded on fact
- some are influenced by culture
- spiritual factors, socioeconomic factors, developmental stage, intellectual background can affect health beliefs
ex. hot-cold belief system of some Asian, Hispanic, Filipino and other groups (hot and cold denotes innate qualities of the food)
health behaviors
the actions individuals take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal state of health, prevent illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and mental potential
ex. eating wisely, exercising, paying attention to signs of illness, following treatment advice, avoiding known health hazards such as smoking, taking time for rest and relaxation, and managing one’s time effectively
- health beliefs can negatively or positively influence health behavior or health practices
illness behavior
a coping mechanism, involves the ways individuals describe, monitor and interpret their symptoms; take remedial actions; and use the healthcare system
- how individuals behave when they’re ill is highly individualized and affected by many variables such as age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic origin, psychologic stability, personality, education and modes of coping
remission
the period during a chronic illness when symptoms disappear
risk factors
factors that cause a client to be vulnerable to developing a health problem
- indicates that a problem is likely to develop unless nurses intervene
ex. genetic and physiological factors, age, environment, lifestyle
locus of control
concept from social learning theory that nurses can use to determine whether clients are likely to take action regarding health, that is, whether clients believe that their health status is under their own or others’ control
- internals: individuals who believe that they have a major influence on their own health status - that health is largely self-determined (take an initiative for their own healthcare, be more knowledgeable about their health, keep appts with their healthcare workers, maintain diets, give up smoking)
- externals: individuals who believe their health is largely controlled by outside forces (chance or powerful others) - doubt that changing their behavior will do good or that it is only important if someone important tells them to make the chance
- locus of control plays a role in clients’ choices about health behaviors and in their health experiences
abrasion
open wound involving the skin
cause: surface scrape, either unintentional (scraped knee from a fall) or intentional (dermal abrasion to remove pockmarks)
- superficial layers of the skin are scraped or rubbed away
- area is reddened and may have localized bleeding or serous weeping
- prone to infection so should be kept clean and dry
- do not wear rings or jewelry when providing care to avoid causing abrasions
- lift, don’t pull, client across bed
- use 2 or more people
alopecia
loss of scalp hair (baldness) or body hair
- caused by chemotherapeutic agents and radiation of the head
callus
thickened portion of epidermis, a mass of keratotic material
- painless and flat and are found on the bottom or side of the foot over a bony prominence
- usually caused by pressure from shoes
- can be softened by soaking the foot in warm water with Epsom salts, and abraded with pumice stones or similar abrasives
- creams with lanolin help keep the skin soft and prevent formation of calluses
cerumen
earwax secreted by the glands which lubricates and protects the canal
- can be removed by retracting the auricle up and back
- use of ceruminolytic (wax-softening agents used to soften cerumen) or irrigation
corn
keratosis caused by friction and pressure from a shoe
- commonly occurs on the fourth or fifth toe, usually on a bony prominence such as a joint
- circular and raised
- base of the surface is the corn and the apex is in deeper tissue, sometimes even attached to bone
- removed surgically
- prevented by relieving the pressure on the area and by massaging the tissue to promote circulation
cross-contamination
the movement of microorganisms from one client to another
- goal of hand hygiene is to reduce risk of cross-contamination
fissure
deep groves, frequently occur between the toes as a result of dryness and cracking of the skin
- treatment includes good foot hygiene and application of an antiseptic to prevent infection
- a small piece of gauze is inserted between the toes in applying the antiseptic and left in place to assist healing by allowing air to reach the area
hirsutism
growth of excessive hair on the body and face, particularly in women
- remove unwanted hair by using depilatories, shaving, electrolysis, or tweezing
- enhance client’s self-concept
- possible causes: age, menopause, endocrine system, heredity
plantar warts
appear on the sole of the foot and are caused by the papovavirus hominis virus
- moderately contagious
- frequently painful and make walking difficult
- treatment: curettage the warts, freeze them with solid carbon dioxide several times, or apply salicylic acid
pediculosis
infestation with lice
- lice are parasitic insects that infest mammals and are small, grayish white (public lice has red legs) and difficult to see
- 3 common kinds are pediculus capitis (head louse - head lice - scalp hair), pediculus corporis (body louse - body lice - clothing), pediculus pubis (crab louse - pubic lice - pubic hair)
- transmission is from head-to-head contact
- head and pubic lice lay their eggs on the hairs, eggs look like oval particles, similar to dandruff, clinging to the hair
- treatment includes topical pediculicides
- head lice can be trwated with over-the-counter permethrin and pyrethrins, malathion, benzyl alcohol, spinosad, topical ivermectin
- removal of nits/eggs after applying treatment is necessary (combs are available)
scabies
contagious skin infestation by the itch mite
- characteristic lesion is the burrow produced by the female mite as it penetrates into the upper layers of the skin
- pimple-like skin rash lesions are most commonly observed between fingers, wrists and elbows, beneath breast tissue, and into the groin area
- mites cause intense itching that is more pronounced at night because the increased warmth of the skin has a stimulating effect on the parasites
- secondary lesions caused by scratching include vesicles, papules, pustules, excoriations and crusts
- treatment involves thorough cleansing of body with soap and water to remove scales and debris from crusts, then an application of a scabicide topical cream; linens and clothing should be washed in boiling water
tinea pedis
caused by fungus
- symptoms are scaling and cracking of the skin, particularly between the toes
- small blisters form, containing thin fluid
- lesions may also appear on other parts of the body, particularly the hands
- treatments usually involve the application of commercial antifungal ointments or powders
- preventative measures include keeping feet well ventilated, drying the feet well after bathing, wearing clean socks or stockings, and not going barefoot in public showers
