Quiz #3: Vocabulary Flashcards
Overtraining
A failure to adapt to a higher fitness level because of over stress or excessive work
Oxidation
The removal of electrons
Oxidative Phosphorylation
A process within the electron transport system (inside the mitochondrion) that couples the liberation of energy from hydrogens to the synthesis of ATP and the formation of metabolic H20. This process will not work without oxygen
Oxygen Consumption (VO2)
The amount of oxygen that is used metabolically per unit of time
Oxygen Deficient
During exercise; the difference between oxygen needed and the oxygen supplied and consumed. It always occurs at the beginning of an exercise unit
Oxygen Drift
The gradual increase in oxygen consumption during prolonged steady rate exercise
Oxygen System
An aerobic energy system in which ATP is manufactured when food (principally sugar/fat) is broken down. This system produces an abundant supply of ATP and is the body’s prime energy source during long-lasting (endurance) activities.
Oxygen Transport System (VO2)
Composed of stroke volume (SV), the heart rate (HR), and the arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a-VO2 difference). Mathematically, it is defined as VO2= SV x HR x a-VO2 difference
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
The graph of the relationship between the amount of oxygen combined with hemoglobin and the partial pressure of oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin chemically combined with oxygen. 1.34 ml of O2 can combine with 1 gram of hemoglobin
Partial Pressure
The pressure exerted by a single gas in a gas mixture or in a liquid. The total of the pressures of each individual gas equals the pressure of the mixture of gases
Peak Power
The maximum power exerted during a very intense, but short (usually 5 seconds or less) work bout
Perceived Exertion
The ‘feeling’ or sense of discomfort associated with exercise at a given intensity. When placed on a scale, referred to as relative perceived exertion
Periodization
A training plan on manipulation of fitness components over a one year cycle. The main idea is to peak the athlete for a competitive season
Perkinje Fibers
The electrical conduction fibers which leave the a-v node and pass into the inter-ventricular septum where they divide and proceed into the far reaches of each ventricle
pH
The power of the hydrogen ion; the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. a measure of acidity or alkalinity
Phosphagen System
See ATP-PC system
Phosphagen
A group of compounds; collectively referred to as ATP and PC
Phosphocreatine (PC)
A chemical compound stored in muscle; which when broken down aids in manufacturing ATP
Phospholipid
A class of waxy or greasy compounds characterized by phosphoric acid as a hydrolysis product along with a long chain carbon compound such as a fatty acid or a sterol. Among other things, they are the chief component of cell membranes
Photosynthesis
The process whereby green plants manufacture their own food from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
Placebo
An inert substance having the identical physical characteristics of a real treatment or drug
Plasma
The liquid portion of the bloof
Plasmolysis
The shrinking of a cell, such as a red blood cell
Pleura
A thin membrane that secretes serous fluid and lines the thoracic wall, the diaphragm, and the lungs
Pleural Cavity
The potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura
Plyometrics
A method of strength and power training that involves an eccentric loading of muscles and tendons followed by q quick, well-timed concentric contraction
Ponderal Index
Body height divided by the cube root of body weight
Positive Energy Balance
A condition in which more energy (food) is taken in, than is given off; as a result, body weight increases
Positive Work
Force times distance applied in opposition to the pull of gravity
Power
The rate of performing work; the product of force times velocity. Also, work divided by time. Typically measured in watts or kg-meters/sec
Preload
Volume of blood returned to the heart
Progressive-Resistance Exercise (PR)
A comprehensive term to cover a wide variety of muscular strength or endurance training, where over time there is a steady but gradual increase in intensity
Protein
A compound contains one or more amino acids. One of the basic foodstuffs; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Proton
A positively charged particle
Protoplasm
Living matter; the substance of which animal and vegetable tissues are formed
Pulse Ratio
In the Tuttle Pulse Ratio step test; the recovery pulse after stepping for 2 minutes, divided by the resting phase
Pyretic Acid
A three-carbon by-product of anaerobic metabolism of glucose. It occurs within the cytoplasm of the cells; if either enters the Krebs Cycle for further breakdown (assuming that oxygen is available) or is directly converted to lactic acid (if oxygen is lacking)
Recovery Oxygen
Net amount of oxygen consumed during recovery for exercise. A measure of oxygen consumed during exercise, minus the oxygen consumed during at rest
Reflex
An automatic response induced by the stimulation of a receptor
Regression Equation
An algebraic equation
Relative Humidity
The ratio of water vapor in the atmosphere, to the amount of water vapor required to saturate the atmosphere, at the same temperature
Relief Interval
In an interval-training program, the time between work intervals as well as between sets or work bouts
Repetition Maximum (RM)
The maxima load that a muscle group can lift over a given number of repetitions before fatiguing. For example, a 10 RM load is the maximal load that can be lifted over 10 repetitions
Repetitions
In an interval-training program, the number of work intervals within one set. For example, six 220-yard runs would constitute one set of six repetitions
Repolarization
A negative change back toward the resting membrane potential (reverse spike) of neural or muscle cells; semi-permeability restored; K+ ions pumped out
Residual Volume (RV)
The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration
Respiration
A cellular process in which food substrates are broken down to carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of oxygen, to liberate chemical energy
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (R)
The ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body, to the amount of oxygen consumed
Rest-Recovery
Resting during recovery from exercise
Rest-Relief
In an interval-training program, a type of relief interval involving moderate moving about; such as walking and flexing of the arms and legs
Resting Membrane Potential
The electrical difference between the inside and outside of the cell
Risk Factor
An aspect of personal behavior, the environment, or genetic characteristic that has been shown to predispose an individual to a greater probability of developing a specific disease of condition
Sarcolemma
The muscle cell membrane
Sarcomere
The distance between two Z lines; the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle
Sarcoplasm
Muscle cytoplasm
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
A network of tubules and vesicles surrounding the myofibril
Saturated Fatty Acids
A fatty acid where all carbon atoms of the chain structure are filled with hydrogen atoms
Second Wind
A phenomenon characterized by a sudden transition from an ill-defined feeling of distress, or fatigue during the early portion of prolonged exercise; to a more comfortable, less stressful feeling later in exercise
Semipermeable Membrane
A membrane permeable to some but not all particles or substances
Set
In an interval training program, a group of work and relief intervals
Sinoatrial Node (S-A Node)
A specialized area of tissue located in the right atrium of the heart; which originates the electrical impulse to initiate the heartbeat
Size Principle
Recruitment of motor units within muscle on the basis of size of their motor neurons; small ones recruited first, then intermediate, then larger ones
Sliding Filament Theory
A proposed mechanism for muscle action, where shortening and elongation are the result of actin sliding inward and outward over myosin
Slow Component (of Recovery)
The slow decline in oxygen consumption during recovery lasting up to 60 minutes or more, following the initial fast component (reported in liters); formerly lactated oxygen dept
Slow-Twitch (ST) Fiber
A muscle fiber characterized by slow contraction time, low anaerobic capacity, and high aerobic capacity; all making the fiber suited for low-power output activities
Sodium-Potassium Pump
A cellular phenomenon requiring energy from ATP to remove Na+ from, and allow K+ into, the cell interior. This ion movement goes against normal diffusion gradients and electrochemical forces
Somatotype
The body type of physical classification of the human body
Spatial Summation
An increase in responsiveness of a nerve. It results from additive affect of numerous nearby stimuli
Specific Gravity
The ratio of the density of an object, to the density of water
Specific heat
The heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance, by one degree
Specificity to Training
The principle underlying the construction of a training program for a specific activity or skill, as well as the primary energy systems involved during performance. For example, a training program for sprinters would consist of repeated bouts of sprints, in or under to develop both sprinting performance and the ATP-PC system
Speed Play (Fartlek Training)
Involves alternating fast and slow running over natural terrains. It was the forerunner of the interval training system
Spirometer
A steel container used to collect, store, and measure either inspired or expired gas volumes
Sprint Training
A type of training system employing repeated sprints at maximal speed
Static Contraction
See Isometric Contraction
Static Flexibility
The range of motion about a joint; usually measured with a goniometer or flexometer. Pertaining to the arc (in degrees) that a particular body segment can move through
Steady State
Pertaining to the time period during which a physiological function (such as VO2) remains at a constant (steady) volume
STPD
Standard temperature, pressure, dry. A gas is often corrected to this value so that it can be compared to another gas
Strength
The maximal force or torque a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specific or determine velocity
Stretch Reflex
Contraction of muscles to produce movement or tension due to muscle spindle stretch via a sharp tap on tendon or pull of gravity on skeleton
Stroke Volume (SV)
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per beat
Stroke or Apoplexy
Interference with the blood supply to the brain due to an embolus, thrombus, or burst vessel; usually due to a cerebral atherosclerosis or aneurysm
Submaximal
Any workload where the intensity is less than maximum. The body can adjust homeostatic ally to any sub maximal pace
Substrate
A substance acted upon by an enzyme
Summated Potentials
The aggregate of a number of closely spaced muscle twitches that produce a greater and stronger contraction than if each of the muscle fibers were to fire independently
Syncticum
The individual cells of the myocardium that collectively function so that the heart contracts as a unit
Systemic Circuit
The flow of arterial blood from the heart to the body tissues (such as the muscles); and of the venous blood from the tissues back to the heart
Systole
The contractile or emptying phase of the cardiac cycle
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
The highest pressure existing in the arteries; the result of blood being ejected into the closed circulatory system during ventricular systole
Tare Weight
In hydrostatic weighing, the weight of the belt and carriage. This value must be subtracted from the ‘scale reading’ and is usually known as the ‘body weight in water’
Target Cell (target tissue)
The specific cells on which hormones exert their biological effect (see target organ). The suffix ‘tropic’ is often used to identify a hormones target organ
Target Heart Rate (THR)
A predetermined heart rate that a subject tries to attain during exercise
Target Organ
The organ on which a hormone has an affect on
Temperature
The degree of sensible heat or cold
Tension
A force applied to a structure that does not move. In muscle, the static or isometric tension develops with the recycling of ATP at cross bridge sites
Tetanus
The maintenance of tension in a motor unit at a high level of force. The force will last as long as the stimuli continues, or until fatigue sets in
Thermodynamics
The science associated with the transformation of heat and energy
Thermogenesis
The production of heat
Threshold for Excitation
The minimal electrical level at which a neuron will transmit or conduct an impulse
Thrombus
A blood clot that remains at the point of its formation
Tidal Volume (TV)
Volume of air inspired, or expired per breath
Tissue-Capillary Membrane
The thin layer of tissue dividing the capillaries and an organ (such as skeletal muscle); site at which gaseous exchange occurs
Torque
The effectiveness of a force to overcome the rotational inertia of an object. The product of force times the perpendicular distance. Distance is measured from the line of action of force to the axis of rotation
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Volume of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration. The greatest volume of air
Training
An exercise program to develop an athlete for a particular event. It provides the energy capacity for performance. It does not replace the need to be skillful
Training Distance
In an interval training program, the distance of the work interval; for example, running 220 yards
Training Duration
The length of the training program
Training Frequency
The number of times per week for training workout
Training Time
The rate at which work is to be accomplished during a work interval, in an interval training program
Training Volume
The total work done during some period of time
Triglycerides
The storage form of fatty acids
Twitch
A brief period of contraction, followed by relaxation. It is the response of a motor unit to a stimulus
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
A fatty acid where all the carbon atoms of the chain structure are not filled with hydrogen atoms. Usually found in vegetable oils
Valsalva Maneuver
Making an expiratory effort with the glottis closed
Vasoconstriction
A decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel (usually an arteriole), resulting in a reduction of blood flow to the area supplied by the vessel
Vasodilation
An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel (usually an arteriole), resulting in an increased blood flow to the area supplied by the vessel
Vein
A vessel carrying blood toward the heart
Venoconstriction
A decrease in the diameter of a vein
Ventilatory Efficiency
The amount of minute ventilation required per liter of oxygen consumed
Vertical Component
On a treadmill; the work that is done upward, perpendicular to the horizon
Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
A specific kind of cholesterol found in the blood, It is thought to cause atherosclerosis
Vessel Resistance
The opposition to flow through a passageway
Viscera
The internal organs of the body
Visceral Pluera
See Pleura
Vital Capacity (VC)
The maximal volume of air forcefully expired after maximum inspiration
Vitamin
An organic material in the presence of which important chemical (metabolic) reactions occur
Watt
A unit of power
Wave Summation
The varying of the frequency of contraction of individual motor units. The additive contractile effect from repeated electrical stimuli is usually greater, that the muscle contraction from a single stimulus
WBGT Index
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature. An index calculated from dry bulb (measures ambient temperature), wet bulb (measures relative humidity), and black bulb (measures the effect of radiant energy) temperatures. It indicates the combined severity of all environment heat conditions
Weight
The forced exerted by gravity on an object
Weight Cycling
Repeated bouts of weight loss followed by weight gain
Wet Bulb Thermometer
An ordinary thermometer with a wetted wick wrapped around the bulb. The wet bulbs temperature is related to the amount of moisture in the air. When the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures are qual, the air is completely saturated with water and the relative humidity is equal to 100%
Work
Force expressed through a distance displacement but with no limitation on time. Work equals force times distance
Work Interval
That portion of an interval-training program consisting of the work effort. The work bout between period of rest
Work Relief
In an interval-training program, a ration relating the duration of work interval to the duration of relief interval. As an example, a work-relief ration of 1:1 means that the time of both the work and relief intervals are equal
Z Line
A protein band that defines the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres in the myofibirl
