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Physiology Of Exercise > Quiz 2: Vocabulary > Flashcards

Quiz 2: Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein compound that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction, a biological catalyst

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2
Q

Ergometer

A

an apparatus or device, such as a treadmill or stationary bike that can be used for measuring the physiological effects of exercise

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3
Q

Essential Hypertension

A

abnormally high blood pressure in humans that has no known cause and therefore no known cure. The most common type of high blood pressure

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4
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal respiration rate and rhythm

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5
Q

Evaporation

A

the loss of heat resulting from changing a liquid to a vapor

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6
Q

Exercise

A

any and all activity involving the generation of force by the activated muscles. Exercise can be quantified mechanically as force, torque, work, power, or velocity of progression: a pace

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7
Q

Exercise recovery

A

the performance of light exercise during recovery from exercise

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8
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

the maximal volume of air that can be expired from end expiration

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9
Q

Extracellular

A

outside the cell

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10
Q

Extrasystole

A

an extra heartbeat

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11
Q

Fast component (of recovery)

A

the initial, rapid decline in oxygen consumption at the start of recovery from exercise, usually lasting 3 to 4 minutes, formerly a lactacid oxygen debt

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12
Q

Fast twitch (FT)

A

a muscle fiber characterized by fast contraction time, high anaerobic capacity, and low aerobic capacity; all making the fiber suited for high power output activities. Includes both type A and type B

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13
Q

Fast twitch A (oxidative-glycolytic)

A

a type of muscle fiber that is fast contracting and that has a high power output (glycolysis). Relative to fast twitch B fibers, it also has good endurance (oxidative metabolism)

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14
Q

Fast twitch B (glycolytic)

A

type of muscle fibers that are fast to contract with a high power output, but they have the poorest endurance because they depend on only glycolytic metabolism

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15
Q

Fat

A

a compound containing hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms. They contain far fewer oxygen atoms than a carbohydrate and are not water soluble; one of the basic foodstuffs

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16
Q

Fat free weight

A

the weight of body tissue excluding all fat (lean body mass)

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17
Q

Fatigue

A

a state of discomfort and decreased efficiency resulting from prolonged of excessive exercise

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18
Q

Fatty acid (free fatty acid)

A

a chain of carbons linked together and surrounded by hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons contain a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. The usable form of degraded triglycerides

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19
Q

Fiber to nerve ratio

A

the number of muscle cells in a motor unit in relationship to the motor neurons axon that is innervating it

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20
Q

Fibrillation

A

irregularity in force and rhythme of the heart; or quivering of the muscle fibers, causing inefficient emptying

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21
Q

Field test

A

a test that can be administered anywhere. It is usually performance based and estimates value that can be more accurately found using a criterion measure

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22
Q

Flexibility

A

the range of motion that a particular joint can move through. Static and dynamic flexibility

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23
Q

Flexometer

A

an instrument used for measuring the range of motion about a joint

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24
Q

Flow meter

A

an instrument to measure Minute Ventilation

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25
Q

Foot pound (ft-lb)

A

a work unit. that is the application of a one pound force through a distance of one foot

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26
Q

Force

A

that which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of an object. A muscle generate a force in a muscle action. Force equals mass times acceleration

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27
Q

Free weight

A

an object of known mass. not attached to a supporting or guiding structure, which is used for physical conditioning and competitive lifting. Typically a dumbbell or barbell with weight attached

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28
Q

Frequency

A

Repetitions; the number of times something is repeated

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29
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

the assembly of a carbohydrate (glucose or glycogen) from a noncarbohydrate source such as a fat or protein

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30
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar; C6H12O6

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31
Q

Glycemic index

A

A carbohydrate scale. It measures the elevation of blood glucose associated with the ingestion of 50g of any carbohydrate food with the elevation caused by the ingestion of 50g of white bread

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32
Q

Glycogen sparing

A

the diminished utilization of glycogen that results when fat (and sometimes protein) is available as a fuel for exercise.

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33
Q

Glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose; the form in which glucose is stored in the body. The major storage sites are in the skeletal muscles and the liver

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34
Q

Glycogen loading (supercompensation)

A

an exercise diet procedure that elevates muscle glycogen stores to concentrations that are two to three times normal

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35
Q

Glycogenesis

A

the manufacture of glycogen from glucose

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36
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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37
Q

Gradation

A

the ability of muscles to produce forces of varying strength; from very light to maximal force or tension

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38
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

a hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and development

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39
Q

H-zone

A

the area in the center of the A band where the cross bridges are absent

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40
Q

Half-reaction time

A

method of estimating speed at which a chemical of physiological reaction or change occurs

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41
Q

Heart attack

A

the blocking of blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle. also known as myocardial infraction

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42
Q

Heart Rate

A

the frequency or number of times per minute that the heart beats. the frequency moves through a range from a certain minimum to a greater values as someone does work. It reaches maximum frequency at the point where it will no longer increase

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43
Q

Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)

A

the difference between the resting heart rate and the maximal heart rate

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44
Q

Heat

A

a form of energy. the term is often applies to the wasted or lost energy from the human body

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45
Q

Hematacrit

A

the ratio of blood cells to the total blood volume, expressed as a percentage

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46
Q

Hematuria

A

discharge of blood into the urine

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47
Q

Hemoconcentraion

A

concentration of the blood

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48
Q

Hemodilution

A

dilution of the blood

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49
Q

Hemodynamics

A

the study of the physical laws governing blood flow

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50
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

a complex molecule found in red blood cells, which contains iron (heme) and protein (globin), and is capable of combining with oxygen

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51
Q

Hemolysis

A

the rupture of a cell, such as the red blood cell

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52
Q

Henry’s Law

A

a well documented and irrefutable observation that the amount o gas that a fluid will absorb under pressure varies in direct proportion to the partial pressure of that gas

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53
Q

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

a specific kind of cholesterol (in the blood) that is thought to be protective against coronary artery disease

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54
Q

Horizontal Component

A

on the treadmill, work that is done parallel to the earth’s surface

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55
Q

Hormone receptor

A

a region on the membrane of a target cell that is specific to, and can react with, only one hormone. Sometimes referred to as a ‘lock and key’ mechanism

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56
Q

Hormone

A

a discrete chemical substance secreted into the body fluids by an endocrine gland that has a specific effect on the activities of other cells, tissues, and organs

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57
Q

Humidity

A

pertaining to moisture in the air

58
Q

Relative humidity

A

percentage of water vapor in the air

59
Q

Dry

A

no water vapor in the air

60
Q

Saturated

A

Relative humidity is 100%

61
Q

Hydraulic Pressure

A

the force per unit area resulting from a vertical column of water elevated to a certain height

62
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

63
Q

Hypolarization

A

an overshoot of the repolarization process; characterized the cells membrane potential going below the normal resting level

64
Q

Hyperplasia

A

growth in an organ or tissue that results from an increase in the number of cells

65
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

66
Q

Hypertensive disease

A

adverse health status related to having high blood pressure. The principal risk is coronary heart disease for those with SBP over 145 or DBP over 90

67
Q

Hyperthermia

A

increased body temperature

68
Q

Hypertonic

A

pertaining to a solution having a greater tension or osmotic pressure, relative to another solution with which it is being compared

69
Q

Hypertrophy

A

an increase in the size of a cell or organ

70
Q

Hyperventilation

A

excessive ventilation of the lungs caused by increased depth and frequency of breathing; usually resulting in elimination of carbon dioxide

71
Q

Hypovolemia

A

an increased blood volume

72
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

lower than normal blood sugar level due to an inadequate supply or regulation. It may be the result of excessive blood insulin which can cause jitters, sweating, the inability to concentrate, concern for ones well being and worse

73
Q

Hypotension

A

low blood pressure

74
Q

Hypoxia

A

lack of adequate oxygen due to a reduced oxygen partial pressure

75
Q

I Band

A

the area of a myofibril containing actin and bisecting by the Z line

76
Q

Inert

A

having no action

77
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

the maximal volume of air inspired above the resting expiratory level

78
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

the maximal volume of air inspired above normal end inspiration

79
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that causes increased cellular uptake of glucose

80
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

the junction between the cardiac muscle cells that forms the mechanical and electrical connection between the two adjacent cells

81
Q

Intermittent work

A

exercises performed with alternate periods of rest; as opposed to continuous work

82
Q

Interneuron (internuncial neuron)

A

a nerve cell located between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve cells. It acts as a ‘go between’ connecting incoming and outgoing impulses

83
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

the fluid between cells

84
Q

Interstitial

A

pertaining to the area or space between cells

85
Q

Intramuscular Glycogen

A

complex carbohydrate stored within muscle cells; the glucose subunits are used as a ready source of energy for muscle metabolism

86
Q

Ion

A

an electrically charged particle

87
Q

Iron

A

a mineral found in the heme groups of red blood cells and in the cytochromes of the mitochondrion. It is very important to oxygen transport, metabolism, and energy levels

88
Q

Ischemia

A

local and temporary deficiency of the blood, chiefly due to the contraction of a blood vessel

89
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

tension developed by the muscle while shortening at constant speed. When moving through full range of motion, the load varies at different joint angles

90
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

muscle action in which the ends of the muscle are prevented from drawing closer together; there is no change in muscle length

91
Q

Isotonic

A

pertaining to solutions having the same tension or osmotic pressure

92
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

a muscle contraction characterized by shortening or lengthening while lifting a constant load. Also known as a dynamic contraction

93
Q

Jogging

A

Slow, continuous running. Also refers to various speed of running

94
Q

Kilocalorie (kcal)

A

a unit of work or energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade

95
Q

Kilogram-meters (kg-m)

A

a unit of work. one kilogram of force moves a distance of one meter

96
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

a series of chemical reaction that begins and ends with the same substance. The end result is that energy is liberated for direct substrate phorsphorolation of ATP. CO2 is formed, and hydrogen atoms are removed

97
Q

Lactate threshold

A

a particular intensity of work load or oxygen consumption that accelerates anaerobic metabolism

98
Q

Lactic Acid System (LA System)

A

an anaerboic energy system in which ATP is manufactured when glucose is broken down to lactic acid. Occurs during high intensity effort

99
Q

Leads

A

a specific electrical view of the heart; ranging from one through twelve

100
Q

Lean Body Mass (Weight)

A

the bodys weight minus the weight of the body fat

101
Q

Left ventricular end - Diastolic volume (LVEDV)

A

the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (just prior to being ejected

102
Q

Load

A

force exerted on the muscle

103
Q

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

a specific kind of cholesterol found in the blood plasma that is linked to an increase in atherosclerosis

104
Q

Lever

A

a rigid bar (such as a bone) that is free to rotate about a fixed point or axis called a fulcrum (such as a joint)

105
Q

Logarithmic Scale

A

a mathematical scale based on the exponent of the power of 10. Adjacent units on the scale are related on a 10:1 ratio

106
Q

Mass

A

the quantity of matter of an object that is reflected in its inertia

107
Q

Maximal Aerobic Power / Maximal Oxygen Consumption

A

the maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute; the power or capacity of the aerobic or oxygen system

108
Q

Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC)

A

the greatest force output that an individual can generate from a muscle group through only volitional control

109
Q

Maximal MET Level

A

maximum oxygen consumption measured in METS. Normal range is between 12-14

110
Q

Mesomorphy

A

A body type component characterized by a squarish, body with hard, rugged and prominent musculature

111
Q

MET (metabolic equivalent)

A

for a given subject, the amount of oxygen required per minute under quiet resting conditions. It is equal to 3.5 ml of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute for the average person

112
Q

Metabolic System

A

a system of biomechanical reactions that cause the formation of water products (metabolites) at the manufacture of ATP

113
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum or total of the chemical changes or reactions occurring in the body

114
Q

Metabolite

A

any substance produced by a metabolic reaction

115
Q

Millimole

A

one thousandth of a mole

116
Q

Minerals

A

essential constituents of all cells and of many functions in the body. Not of animal or plant origin

117
Q

Minute ventilation

A

the amount of air inspired or expired in one minute. Applied to the expired amount

118
Q

Mitochondirion/mitochondria

A

a subcellular structure found in all aerobic cells in which the reactions of the Krebs Cycle and electron transport system take place

119
Q

Mole

A

the gram-molecular weight or gram-formula weight of a substance

120
Q

Motor neuron

A

a nerve cell; which when stimulated effects muscular contraction. Most motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles

121
Q

Motor endplate

A

the neuromuscular or myoneural junction. The connection between the nerve and muscle cell

122
Q

Motor unit

A

an individual motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates

123
Q

Muscular endurance

A

the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light load for an extended period of time

124
Q

Muscular strength

A

the force or tension that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against a resistance in one maximal effort

125
Q

Muscular Tonus (tone)

A

resiliency and resistance to stretch in a relaxed, resting muscle

126
Q

Myofibril

A

that part of a muscle cell containing the two protein filaments, myosin and actin. They are long and thin and lie parallel to each other

127
Q

Myoglobin

A

an oxygen binding pigment, similar to hemoglobin that gives the red muscle fiber its color. Acts as an oxygen carrier and aids in the diffusion of oxygen

128
Q

Negative work

A

force times distance applied in the same direction as the pull of gravity. The work is assisted by gravity usually an eccentric contraction

129
Q

Nerve impulse

A

an electrical disturbance at the point of stimulation of a nerve, that is selfpropagated along the entire length of the axon

130
Q

Net oxygen cost

A

the amount of oxygen, above resting values, required to perform a given amount of work. also known as net cost of exercise

131
Q

Neuromusclar (myoneural) junction

A

the union of a muscle and its nerve. Also known as motor endplate

132
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical released from axon terminal

133
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell consisting of a cell body (soma) with its nucleus, cytoplasm, dendrites, and axon

134
Q

Nomogram

A

a graph enabling one to determine, by aid of a straightedge, the value of a dependent variable, when the values of two independent variables are known

135
Q

Obesity

A

an excessive accumulation and storage of fatty tissue; often defined as a body weight greater than a certain percentage above ideal body weight for size, age, and gender. Actual percentage may vary

136
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. This solvent moves from a lower to a more concentrated area of solute. The number of solute particles influences the direction of movement

137
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

force per unit area needed to stop osmosis

138
Q

Osteoporosis

A

condition of the bones in which they become very thin and brittle due to loss of mineral content. such bones are susceptible to deformation and fracture

139
Q

Overload principle

A

Progressively increasing the intensity of the workouts of the course of the training program as one state of fitness improved

140
Q

Electron

A

a negatively charged particle

Physiology Of Exercise (3 decks)

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