Quiz 2: Vocabulary Flashcards
Enzyme
a protein compound that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction, a biological catalyst
Ergometer
an apparatus or device, such as a treadmill or stationary bike that can be used for measuring the physiological effects of exercise
Essential Hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure in humans that has no known cause and therefore no known cure. The most common type of high blood pressure
Eupnea
Normal respiration rate and rhythm
Evaporation
the loss of heat resulting from changing a liquid to a vapor
Exercise
any and all activity involving the generation of force by the activated muscles. Exercise can be quantified mechanically as force, torque, work, power, or velocity of progression: a pace
Exercise recovery
the performance of light exercise during recovery from exercise
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
the maximal volume of air that can be expired from end expiration
Extracellular
outside the cell
Extrasystole
an extra heartbeat
Fast component (of recovery)
the initial, rapid decline in oxygen consumption at the start of recovery from exercise, usually lasting 3 to 4 minutes, formerly a lactacid oxygen debt
Fast twitch (FT)
a muscle fiber characterized by fast contraction time, high anaerobic capacity, and low aerobic capacity; all making the fiber suited for high power output activities. Includes both type A and type B
Fast twitch A (oxidative-glycolytic)
a type of muscle fiber that is fast contracting and that has a high power output (glycolysis). Relative to fast twitch B fibers, it also has good endurance (oxidative metabolism)
Fast twitch B (glycolytic)
type of muscle fibers that are fast to contract with a high power output, but they have the poorest endurance because they depend on only glycolytic metabolism
Fat
a compound containing hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms. They contain far fewer oxygen atoms than a carbohydrate and are not water soluble; one of the basic foodstuffs
Fat free weight
the weight of body tissue excluding all fat (lean body mass)
Fatigue
a state of discomfort and decreased efficiency resulting from prolonged of excessive exercise
Fatty acid (free fatty acid)
a chain of carbons linked together and surrounded by hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons contain a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. The usable form of degraded triglycerides
Fiber to nerve ratio
the number of muscle cells in a motor unit in relationship to the motor neurons axon that is innervating it
Fibrillation
irregularity in force and rhythme of the heart; or quivering of the muscle fibers, causing inefficient emptying
Field test
a test that can be administered anywhere. It is usually performance based and estimates value that can be more accurately found using a criterion measure
Flexibility
the range of motion that a particular joint can move through. Static and dynamic flexibility
Flexometer
an instrument used for measuring the range of motion about a joint
Flow meter
an instrument to measure Minute Ventilation
Foot pound (ft-lb)
a work unit. that is the application of a one pound force through a distance of one foot
Force
that which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of an object. A muscle generate a force in a muscle action. Force equals mass times acceleration
Free weight
an object of known mass. not attached to a supporting or guiding structure, which is used for physical conditioning and competitive lifting. Typically a dumbbell or barbell with weight attached
Frequency
Repetitions; the number of times something is repeated
Gluconeogenesis
the assembly of a carbohydrate (glucose or glycogen) from a noncarbohydrate source such as a fat or protein
Glucose
A simple sugar; C6H12O6
Glycemic index
A carbohydrate scale. It measures the elevation of blood glucose associated with the ingestion of 50g of any carbohydrate food with the elevation caused by the ingestion of 50g of white bread
Glycogen sparing
the diminished utilization of glycogen that results when fat (and sometimes protein) is available as a fuel for exercise.
Glycogen
a polymer of glucose; the form in which glucose is stored in the body. The major storage sites are in the skeletal muscles and the liver
Glycogen loading (supercompensation)
an exercise diet procedure that elevates muscle glycogen stores to concentrations that are two to three times normal
Glycogenesis
the manufacture of glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Gradation
the ability of muscles to produce forces of varying strength; from very light to maximal force or tension
Growth hormone (GH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and development
H-zone
the area in the center of the A band where the cross bridges are absent
Half-reaction time
method of estimating speed at which a chemical of physiological reaction or change occurs
Heart attack
the blocking of blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle. also known as myocardial infraction
Heart Rate
the frequency or number of times per minute that the heart beats. the frequency moves through a range from a certain minimum to a greater values as someone does work. It reaches maximum frequency at the point where it will no longer increase
Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)
the difference between the resting heart rate and the maximal heart rate
Heat
a form of energy. the term is often applies to the wasted or lost energy from the human body
Hematacrit
the ratio of blood cells to the total blood volume, expressed as a percentage
Hematuria
discharge of blood into the urine
Hemoconcentraion
concentration of the blood
Hemodilution
dilution of the blood
Hemodynamics
the study of the physical laws governing blood flow
Hemoglobin (Hb)
a complex molecule found in red blood cells, which contains iron (heme) and protein (globin), and is capable of combining with oxygen
Hemolysis
the rupture of a cell, such as the red blood cell
Henry’s Law
a well documented and irrefutable observation that the amount o gas that a fluid will absorb under pressure varies in direct proportion to the partial pressure of that gas
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
a specific kind of cholesterol (in the blood) that is thought to be protective against coronary artery disease
Horizontal Component
on the treadmill, work that is done parallel to the earth’s surface
Hormone receptor
a region on the membrane of a target cell that is specific to, and can react with, only one hormone. Sometimes referred to as a ‘lock and key’ mechanism
Hormone
a discrete chemical substance secreted into the body fluids by an endocrine gland that has a specific effect on the activities of other cells, tissues, and organs
Humidity
pertaining to moisture in the air
Relative humidity
percentage of water vapor in the air
Dry
no water vapor in the air
Saturated
Relative humidity is 100%
Hydraulic Pressure
the force per unit area resulting from a vertical column of water elevated to a certain height
Hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
Hypolarization
an overshoot of the repolarization process; characterized the cells membrane potential going below the normal resting level
Hyperplasia
growth in an organ or tissue that results from an increase in the number of cells
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Hypertensive disease
adverse health status related to having high blood pressure. The principal risk is coronary heart disease for those with SBP over 145 or DBP over 90
Hyperthermia
increased body temperature
Hypertonic
pertaining to a solution having a greater tension or osmotic pressure, relative to another solution with which it is being compared
Hypertrophy
an increase in the size of a cell or organ
Hyperventilation
excessive ventilation of the lungs caused by increased depth and frequency of breathing; usually resulting in elimination of carbon dioxide
Hypovolemia
an increased blood volume
Hypoglycemia
lower than normal blood sugar level due to an inadequate supply or regulation. It may be the result of excessive blood insulin which can cause jitters, sweating, the inability to concentrate, concern for ones well being and worse
Hypotension
low blood pressure
Hypoxia
lack of adequate oxygen due to a reduced oxygen partial pressure
I Band
the area of a myofibril containing actin and bisecting by the Z line
Inert
having no action
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
the maximal volume of air inspired above the resting expiratory level
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
the maximal volume of air inspired above normal end inspiration
Insulin
a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that causes increased cellular uptake of glucose
Intercalated Discs
the junction between the cardiac muscle cells that forms the mechanical and electrical connection between the two adjacent cells
Intermittent work
exercises performed with alternate periods of rest; as opposed to continuous work
Interneuron (internuncial neuron)
a nerve cell located between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve cells. It acts as a ‘go between’ connecting incoming and outgoing impulses
Interstitial Fluid
the fluid between cells
Interstitial
pertaining to the area or space between cells
Intramuscular Glycogen
complex carbohydrate stored within muscle cells; the glucose subunits are used as a ready source of energy for muscle metabolism
Ion
an electrically charged particle
Iron
a mineral found in the heme groups of red blood cells and in the cytochromes of the mitochondrion. It is very important to oxygen transport, metabolism, and energy levels
Ischemia
local and temporary deficiency of the blood, chiefly due to the contraction of a blood vessel
Isokinetic contraction
tension developed by the muscle while shortening at constant speed. When moving through full range of motion, the load varies at different joint angles
Isometric Contraction
muscle action in which the ends of the muscle are prevented from drawing closer together; there is no change in muscle length
Isotonic
pertaining to solutions having the same tension or osmotic pressure
Isotonic contraction
a muscle contraction characterized by shortening or lengthening while lifting a constant load. Also known as a dynamic contraction
Jogging
Slow, continuous running. Also refers to various speed of running
Kilocalorie (kcal)
a unit of work or energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade
Kilogram-meters (kg-m)
a unit of work. one kilogram of force moves a distance of one meter
Krebs Cycle
a series of chemical reaction that begins and ends with the same substance. The end result is that energy is liberated for direct substrate phorsphorolation of ATP. CO2 is formed, and hydrogen atoms are removed
Lactate threshold
a particular intensity of work load or oxygen consumption that accelerates anaerobic metabolism
Lactic Acid System (LA System)
an anaerboic energy system in which ATP is manufactured when glucose is broken down to lactic acid. Occurs during high intensity effort
Leads
a specific electrical view of the heart; ranging from one through twelve
Lean Body Mass (Weight)
the bodys weight minus the weight of the body fat
Left ventricular end - Diastolic volume (LVEDV)
the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (just prior to being ejected
Load
force exerted on the muscle
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
a specific kind of cholesterol found in the blood plasma that is linked to an increase in atherosclerosis
Lever
a rigid bar (such as a bone) that is free to rotate about a fixed point or axis called a fulcrum (such as a joint)
Logarithmic Scale
a mathematical scale based on the exponent of the power of 10. Adjacent units on the scale are related on a 10:1 ratio
Mass
the quantity of matter of an object that is reflected in its inertia
Maximal Aerobic Power / Maximal Oxygen Consumption
the maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute; the power or capacity of the aerobic or oxygen system
Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC)
the greatest force output that an individual can generate from a muscle group through only volitional control
Maximal MET Level
maximum oxygen consumption measured in METS. Normal range is between 12-14
Mesomorphy
A body type component characterized by a squarish, body with hard, rugged and prominent musculature
MET (metabolic equivalent)
for a given subject, the amount of oxygen required per minute under quiet resting conditions. It is equal to 3.5 ml of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute for the average person
Metabolic System
a system of biomechanical reactions that cause the formation of water products (metabolites) at the manufacture of ATP
Metabolism
the sum or total of the chemical changes or reactions occurring in the body
Metabolite
any substance produced by a metabolic reaction
Millimole
one thousandth of a mole
Minerals
essential constituents of all cells and of many functions in the body. Not of animal or plant origin
Minute ventilation
the amount of air inspired or expired in one minute. Applied to the expired amount
Mitochondirion/mitochondria
a subcellular structure found in all aerobic cells in which the reactions of the Krebs Cycle and electron transport system take place
Mole
the gram-molecular weight or gram-formula weight of a substance
Motor neuron
a nerve cell; which when stimulated effects muscular contraction. Most motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles
Motor endplate
the neuromuscular or myoneural junction. The connection between the nerve and muscle cell
Motor unit
an individual motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Muscular endurance
the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light load for an extended period of time
Muscular strength
the force or tension that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against a resistance in one maximal effort
Muscular Tonus (tone)
resiliency and resistance to stretch in a relaxed, resting muscle
Myofibril
that part of a muscle cell containing the two protein filaments, myosin and actin. They are long and thin and lie parallel to each other
Myoglobin
an oxygen binding pigment, similar to hemoglobin that gives the red muscle fiber its color. Acts as an oxygen carrier and aids in the diffusion of oxygen
Negative work
force times distance applied in the same direction as the pull of gravity. The work is assisted by gravity usually an eccentric contraction
Nerve impulse
an electrical disturbance at the point of stimulation of a nerve, that is selfpropagated along the entire length of the axon
Net oxygen cost
the amount of oxygen, above resting values, required to perform a given amount of work. also known as net cost of exercise
Neuromusclar (myoneural) junction
the union of a muscle and its nerve. Also known as motor endplate
Neurotransmitter
chemical released from axon terminal
Neuron
a nerve cell consisting of a cell body (soma) with its nucleus, cytoplasm, dendrites, and axon
Nomogram
a graph enabling one to determine, by aid of a straightedge, the value of a dependent variable, when the values of two independent variables are known
Obesity
an excessive accumulation and storage of fatty tissue; often defined as a body weight greater than a certain percentage above ideal body weight for size, age, and gender. Actual percentage may vary
Osmosis
the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. This solvent moves from a lower to a more concentrated area of solute. The number of solute particles influences the direction of movement
Osmotic pressure
force per unit area needed to stop osmosis
Osteoporosis
condition of the bones in which they become very thin and brittle due to loss of mineral content. such bones are susceptible to deformation and fracture
Overload principle
Progressively increasing the intensity of the workouts of the course of the training program as one state of fitness improved
Electron
a negatively charged particle
