Quiz #3 study-guide revamped

Question 1

Self-report Data (s-data)

Answer 1

Ask people about themselves. Most common.
–advantages: lots of info, easy, people know themselves
–disadvantages: lying, maybe they can’t tell you.

Question 2

Informant (I-data)

Answer 2

As other people, tends to match up (mostly) with self-report data.
–advantages: a large amount of info, easy to complete, other people might see things in you that you’re blind to.
–disadvantages: limited info (they only see what you show them for the most part) and bias.

Question 3

Life Outcomes (L-data)

Answer 3

Concrete facts about person/environment (e.g. college degree, age, height, family, occupation, etc.)
–advantages: verifiable and objective
–disadvantages: multi-determinant – e.g. why is the dorm messy? Maybe they’re not lazy but busy

Question 4

Behavioral (b-data)

Answer 4

Natural/lab observations (e.g. watching people cross crosswalks), physiological (e.g. HR, BP, MRI, etc.) some self-report info – not asking directly about personality, but inferring from responses (e.g. projective tests, thematic apperception test, MMPI)
–advantages: appears objective, wide range of contexts
–disadvantages: ambiguous interpretation

Question 5

Consilience

Answer 5

We can be more confident in a conclusion if we have multiple types of data that come to the same conclusion.

Question 6

Reliability

Answer 6

How dependable is the measurement?
–improving reliability: standardized measurement–make it the same so you can compare across measures (Likert scale; true/false). Aggregate our measurements–take all measurements and average them all together.

Question 7

Construct Validity

Answer 7

Am I measuring this right?
~”Sometimes I’m sad” does not measure your level of extraversion

Question 8

Personality-situationist Arguments

Answer 8

Do people behave according to the situation or their personality? (Like nature vs. nurture).
Are people consistent?

Question 9

Situationist Argument

Answer 9

Relationships in personality traits and behavior are too small
(.20 to .40); e.g. extraversion and income
~R= 0.4, so r^2= 16% of the variance is accounted for by personality, Most of the outcome is the situation –> NOT our conclusion.

Question 10

Personality Argument/response

Answer 10

Situationists have similar effects to personality–This IS our conclusion.
–effects for classical and social psych findings–> similar effect sizes for the situation as for traits.
–said these correlations are not as small as you think, or rather, their impact is larger than their effect size might indicate.
–Personality influence depends on the situation

Question 11

Strong Situations

Answer 11

Have many constraints on behavior, and limited room for the expression of personal opinions/personality.
–e.g. church, prison

Question 12

Weak situations

Answer 12

Few constraints on behavior; you can be you.

Question 13

Self-monitoring

Answer 13

Am I acting in accordance with the situation I am in right now?

Question 14

Personality Change in Therapy

Answer 14

Yes, but some traits change a lot more than others (emotional stability increases, neuroticism decreases)
~other 4 increase a bit
~Therapy type doesn’t matter nor does presenting problem.

Question 15

Interactionism

Answer 15

People constantly interact with situations. Part of you is choosing the situation you are in, and then you interact with the environment as it influences you.

Question 16

Projective Testing

Answer 16

Types of projection tests would be the Thematic Apperception Test (ask a person to describe the story around some image) and Rorschach inkblot tests

Question 17

Projective Hypothesis

Answer 17

What projective tests are based upon –> if we give a person ambiguous info they must project themselves into their explanation of that info.

Question 18

Rational Method

Answer 18

Brainstorming items to capture a construct

Question 19

Empirical Approach

Answer 19

Reduces socially desirable responding. Can’t tell exactly what the question is measuring.
– Only as good as the original criteria.
–Must be updated

Question 20

Factor Analytic Method

Answer 20

Statistical method to reduce data (into groups). Generate a bunch of questions, then group questions into categories. Must make an assumption based on which questions group together on what they are measuring and what they mean.
–limitations: only as good as item quality. Not as objective as it seems. Sometimes doesn’t make sense. (~not always clear construct for grouping; must make conclusion on what grouping means –> somewhat subjective)

Question 21

The Lexical Hypothesis

Answer 21

If there is something important for people, then we will have words to describe it.

Question 22

The HEXACO Model

Answer 22

Better replicable in other cultures, namely Asian cultures
–Honesty/Humility
–Emotionality –> like neuroticism, but adds dependency factors
–eXtraversion
–Agreeableness
–Conscientiousness
–Openness

Question 23

Maturity Principle

Answer 23

As you mature, you put yourself in roles that create personality changes in you.
~about all big 5 traits go up

Question 24

Facial Bias/the face

Answer 24

Different facial features impact one’s judgment. Composites of faces of people with certain traits show that those traits are evident in facial features.

Question 25

Baby Facedness

Answer 25

Described as warm, kind, incompetent, and less powerful.

Question 26

Resting Bitch Face

Answer 26

Emotional resemblance –> if you have a more stoic face, people infer you are angry.

Question 27

Familiar Faces

Answer 27

Mere exposure effect –> We like them more if they look like someone we know.

Question 28

Attractiveness

Answer 28

Halo effect –> The idea that beauty is good. More attractive people are judged more favorably.
–Appearance: e.g. put together/clean cut, or look messy and unkept

Question 29

Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM)

Answer 29

In order to accurately judge an individual’s personality attributes, 4 things must happen.
1. The target must do something RELEVANT to the attribute
2. This info must be AVAILABLE to judge
3. The judge must DETECT this info
4. The judge must properly UTILIZE this info.

Question 30

Moderators of Accuracy in Personality Judgement

Answer 30

–The judge: good judges; positive, well-adjusted (psychologically healthy), sociable.
–The target: good targets; extraverted and behaves consistently.
–The trait: easily identifiable traits; extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness.
–The situation: “Weak” situations with low social constraints allow people to express themselves (not a prison or school)
–The information: the amount and quality of info is important. ~face, appearance, daily activities.

Question 31

Expectancy Effect

Answer 31

Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968); a phenomenon that occurs when a person’s expectations influence their behavior or perception of reality.

Question 32

Pygmalion Effect

Answer 32

If you have high expectations of another person, that person will often try their best to meet your expectations.
~”gifted” student example

Question 33

Big Five Traits

Answer 33

Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Openness/intellect.

Question 34

Personality Altering Events:
Marriage

Answer 34

Men and women –> decline in extraversion, decline in openness, increased self-control, increased forgiveness.

Question 35

Personality Altering Events:
Divorce

Answer 35

Men –> increase in neuroticism, decrease conscientiousness (most breakups are initiated by women, men hurt more?)
Women –> increased extraversion, increased openness

Question 36

Personality Altering Events:
Unemployment

Answer 36

Men –> more agreeable, less conscientious
Women –> less agreeable, less conscientious

Question 37

Personality Altering Events:
Parenthood

Answer 37

Men and women –> higher neuroticism (worry over kids) decreased extraversion

Question 38

Extraversion

Answer 38

More likely to get into accidents. Inability to be alone.

Question 39

Introversion

Answer 39

Social isolation, flattered effect

Question 40

Neuroticism

Answer 40

good to be lower.
hi –> chronic negative effect, overly self-aware, irritability, more cautious.
low –> lack of concern for problems related to health and social adjustments, less cautious.

Question 41

Openness

Answer 41

hi –> lack of practicality, diffuse identity, non-confirming
low –> difficulty adapting to change, low range of interest, low understanding of other viewpoints, excessive conformity, insensitivity.

Question 42

Agreeableness

Answer 42

hi –> gullibility, indiscriminate, trust, push-over
low –> cynical, aggressive, manipulative, lack of respect for social conventions.

Question 43

Conscientiousness

Answer 43

hi –> workaholic, compulsive, rigid, self-discipline
low –> underachievement, low self-discipline, disorganized