Quiz #3

Question 1

Self report (advantages and disadvantages)

Answer 1

self-report: ask people about themselves, most common
-advantages: lots of info, easy
-disadvantages: lying

Question 2

Informant (advantages and disadvantages)

Answer 2

ask other people
-advantages: large amount of info, easy to complete
-disadvantages: limited information, bias

Question 3

Behavioral (advantages and disadvantages)

Answer 3

natural/lab observations, physiological, self-report info
-advantages: appears to be objective, wide range of contexts (face validity)
-disadvantages: ambiguous interpretation. Don’t always have helpful answers or underlying meanings.

Question 4

Life outcomes (advantages and disadvantages)

Answer 4

concrete facts about the person/environment
-advantages: verifiable and objective
-disadvantages: multi-determinate (ex. various roads lead to the same output)

Question 5

The projective hypothesis

Answer 5

tests that are based on the idea that if we give a person ambiguous information they must project themselves into their explanation of that information

Question 6

Personality Change in Therapy

Answer 6

Yes. Therapy does cause personality change, but some traits change more than others. Therapy type and presenting problem don’t have a significant change.
-Emotional stability increases and neuroticism decreases

Question 7

Factor Analytic Method

Answer 7

Statistical method to reduce data, summarizing results by factors
End quality is only as good as the data that you use.

Question 8

Big Five Traits

Answer 8

Extraversion: Friendliness, activity level, assertiveness
Agreeableness: trust, morality, altruism
Conscientiousness: self-discipline, orderliness
Neuroticism: anxiety, anger, depression
Openness to Experience: imagination, adventurousness, emotion

Question 9

Strong/Weak situations

Answer 9

Strong: have many constraints on behavior. Limited room for expression of self.
~church, prison
Weak: constraints on behavior; you can be you.

Question 10

Realistic Accuracy Model

Answer 10

In order to accurately judge an individual’s personality attributes, 4 things must happen
1. The target must do something Relevant to the attribute
2. This information must be available to judge
3. The judge must Detect this information
4. The judge must properly Utilize this information

Question 11

The Maturity Principle

Answer 11

as you mature, you put yourself in roles that create personality changes in you.

Question 12

Pygmalion Effect

Answer 12

if you have a high expectation of another person, that person will often try their best to meet your expectations
ex. The students who were deemed “intellectually gifted” had more IQ points at the end of the study – because the teachers’ expectations of the students changed how they treated them + the kids wanted to prove they actually were that smart

Question 13

Reliability

Answer 13

how dependable is the measurement?

Question 14

Consilience

Answer 14

we can be more confident in a conclusion if we have multiple types of data that come to the same conclusion

Question 15

Self-monitoring

Answer 15

am I acting in accordance with the situation I am in right now

Question 16

Projective testing

Answer 16

A test that presents a participant with an ambiguous stimulus, such as a picture or inkblot, and asks the person to describe what he sees. Some psychologists believe that the answers reveal inner psychological states.
~Rorschach

Question 17

Empirical approach

Answer 17

Reduces socially desirable responding. Only as good as the original criteria. It must be updated.
~”What makes someone a good mechanic changes over time”

Question 18

The HEXACO model

Answer 18

H: Honesty/Humility
E: Emotionality
X: eXtraversion
A: Agreeableness
C: Conscientiousness
O: Openness

Question 19

Moderators in Accuracy in Personality Judgement

Answer 19

-The Judge
-The Target
-The Trait
-The Situation
-Information

Question 20

Rorschach ink blots 1 & 2

Answer 20

10 cards of ink blots from which the person must describe what they see

-Ink blot 1: common answers
~Bat, butterfly, moth, female figure, mask, face of animal

-Ink blot 2: common answers
~Two people, cave entrance, butterfly, elephant, blood

Question 21

Expectancy Effects

Answer 21

The tendency for someone to become the kind of person others expect them to be; also known as the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 22

Construct Validity

Answer 22

Am I measuring this right?
~“Sometimes I’m sad.” probably does not measure your level of extraversion

Question 23

Personality-Situationist Arguments

Answer 23

Situationist:
-Relationships in personality traits and behavior are too small
-.20 to .40
~Ex: Extraversion and income
-Most of the outcome is the situation
NOT our conclusion

Personality:
-Situations have similar effects to personality – this IS our conclusion
-Effects for Classical Social Psych Findings
-Similar effect sizes for the situation as for traits
-Said these correlations aren’t as small as you think, or rather, their impact is larger than their effect size might indicate
-Personality influence depends on the situation

Question 24

Interactionism

Answer 24

-People constantly interact with situations
-Part of you is choosing the situation you are in, and then you interact with that environment as it influences you
~Ex: Stanford Prison Experiment – the people who chose to be in that experiment might be more likely to engage in those behaviors anyway; they put themselves in that situation

Question 25

Rational Method

Answer 25

Brainstorming items to capture construct.
~ex. Buzzfeed personality quizzes

Question 26

The Lexical Hypothesis

Answer 26

If there is something important for people, then we will have words to describe it.

Question 27

Facial Bias in Personality Judgement

Answer 27

The face: we pay the most attention to their face
-People form judgments quickly
~100ms
-Different facial features impact one’s judgment
-Baby Facedness –> Described as warm, kind, incompetent, less powerful
-Resting Bitch Face
-Emotional resemblance: if you have a more stoic face, people infer you are angry (even if you’re not)
-Halo Effect: the idea that was is beautiful is good
-More attractive People are judged more favorably

Question 28

Personality Altering Events

Answer 28

Marriage
-Men & Women:
-Decline in extraversion
-Decline in openness
-Increased self-control
-Increased forgiveness

Divorce
-Men:
-Increase in neuroticism
-Most breakups are initiated by women, men hurt more?
-Decrease conscientiousness
-Women:
-Increased extraversion

Parenthood
-Men and Women:
-Higher neuroticism: worry over kids’ safety is good
-Decreased extraversion

Unemployment
-Men:
-More agreeable
-Less conscientious
-Women:
-Less agreeable
-Less conscientious

Question 29

Mere exposure effect

Answer 29

we like them more if they look like someone we know

Question 30

Improving Reliability

Answer 30

-Standardize our measurement: make it the same so you can compare across measures
~Ex: Likert scale; true/false
-Aggregate our measurement: take all measurements and average them all together
-Average we find = closest to actual true distance
-In personality: ask a bunch (7-10) questions about the trait you’re trying to measure (Ex: neuroticism, extraversion, etc.)

Question 31

The Judge

Answer 31

-The good judge
-Positive people: people who think others are good
-Is it because they are actually better at judgment, or is it just because most people are nice?
-Well-adjusted: people who have a healthy psychological state
-No psychopathology (paranoid, etc.)
-Sociable people: better social skills and more practice at making inferences about people and their behaviors

Question 32

The trait

Answer 32

-The good trait
-Extraversion: easiest trait to figure out
-Agreeableness: you can usually tell if someone is nice
-Conscientiousness: can tell if someone is put today by their presentation and organization in circumstances
-Openness: takes the most time to get an accurate judgment of

Question 33

The target

Answer 33

-The good target
-Extraverted people: they put themselves out there, so it’s easier to read them
-Consistent people: people who are more consistent across situations (low self-monitoring) are easier to judge
-The target matters more than the judge (in terms of accuracy)

Question 34

The situation

Answer 34

-The good situation
-Weak situations: fewer restraints on the situation allow you to see someone’s true personality better
-Strong situations: make it harder for people to be themselves

Question 35

Information (moderators of accuracy)

Answer 35

-The amount of information matters
-The length of time you know someone determines the accuracy of your judgment (know them longer, know them better)
-It’s hard to fake it for a long time
-The quality of information matters