Quiz #3 Flashcards
Self report (advantages and disadvantages)
self-report: ask people about themselves, most common
-advantages: lots of info, easy
-disadvantages: lying
Informant (advantages and disadvantages)
ask other people
-advantages: large amount of info, easy to complete
-disadvantages: limited information, bias
Behavioral (advantages and disadvantages)
natural/lab observations, physiological, self-report info
-advantages: appears to be objective, wide range of contexts (face validity)
-disadvantages: ambiguous interpretation. Don’t always have helpful answers or underlying meanings.
Life outcomes (advantages and disadvantages)
concrete facts about the person/environment
-advantages: verifiable and objective
-disadvantages: multi-determinate (ex. various roads lead to the same output)
The projective hypothesis
tests that are based on the idea that if we give a person ambiguous information they must project themselves into their explanation of that information
Personality Change in Therapy
Yes. Therapy does cause personality change, but some traits change more than others. Therapy type and presenting problem don’t have a significant change.
-Emotional stability increases and neuroticism decreases
Factor Analytic Method
Statistical method to reduce data, summarizing results by factors
End quality is only as good as the data that you use.
Big Five Traits
Extraversion: Friendliness, activity level, assertiveness
Agreeableness: trust, morality, altruism
Conscientiousness: self-discipline, orderliness
Neuroticism: anxiety, anger, depression
Openness to Experience: imagination, adventurousness, emotion
Strong/Weak situations
Strong: have many constraints on behavior. Limited room for expression of self.
~church, prison
Weak: constraints on behavior; you can be you.
Realistic Accuracy Model
In order to accurately judge an individual’s personality attributes, 4 things must happen
1. The target must do something Relevant to the attribute
2. This information must be available to judge
3. The judge must Detect this information
4. The judge must properly Utilize this information
The Maturity Principle
as you mature, you put yourself in roles that create personality changes in you.
Pygmalion Effect
if you have a high expectation of another person, that person will often try their best to meet your expectations
ex. The students who were deemed “intellectually gifted” had more IQ points at the end of the study – because the teachers’ expectations of the students changed how they treated them + the kids wanted to prove they actually were that smart
Reliability
how dependable is the measurement?
Consilience
we can be more confident in a conclusion if we have multiple types of data that come to the same conclusion
Self-monitoring
am I acting in accordance with the situation I am in right now
Projective testing
A test that presents a participant with an ambiguous stimulus, such as a picture or inkblot, and asks the person to describe what he sees. Some psychologists believe that the answers reveal inner psychological states.
~Rorschach
Empirical approach
Reduces socially desirable responding. Only as good as the original criteria. It must be updated.
~”What makes someone a good mechanic changes over time”
The HEXACO model
H: Honesty/Humility
E: Emotionality
X: eXtraversion
A: Agreeableness
C: Conscientiousness
O: Openness
Moderators in Accuracy in Personality Judgement
-The Judge
-The Target
-The Trait
-The Situation
-Information
Rorschach ink blots 1 & 2
10 cards of ink blots from which the person must describe what they see
-Ink blot 1: common answers
~Bat, butterfly, moth, female figure, mask, face of animal
-Ink blot 2: common answers
~Two people, cave entrance, butterfly, elephant, blood
Expectancy Effects
The tendency for someone to become the kind of person others expect them to be; also known as the self-fulfilling prophecy
Construct Validity
Am I measuring this right?
~“Sometimes I’m sad.” probably does not measure your level of extraversion
Personality-Situationist Arguments
Situationist:
-Relationships in personality traits and behavior are too small
-.20 to .40
~Ex: Extraversion and income
-Most of the outcome is the situation
NOT our conclusion
Personality:
-Situations have similar effects to personality – this IS our conclusion
-Effects for Classical Social Psych Findings
-Similar effect sizes for the situation as for traits
-Said these correlations aren’t as small as you think, or rather, their impact is larger than their effect size might indicate
-Personality influence depends on the situation
Interactionism
-People constantly interact with situations
-Part of you is choosing the situation you are in, and then you interact with that environment as it influences you
~Ex: Stanford Prison Experiment – the people who chose to be in that experiment might be more likely to engage in those behaviors anyway; they put themselves in that situation
Rational Method
Brainstorming items to capture construct.
~ex. Buzzfeed personality quizzes
The Lexical Hypothesis
If there is something important for people, then we will have words to describe it.
Facial Bias in Personality Judgement
The face: we pay the most attention to their face
-People form judgments quickly
~100ms
-Different facial features impact one’s judgment
-Baby Facedness –> Described as warm, kind, incompetent, less powerful
-Resting Bitch Face
-Emotional resemblance: if you have a more stoic face, people infer you are angry (even if you’re not)
-Halo Effect: the idea that was is beautiful is good
-More attractive People are judged more favorably
Personality Altering Events
Marriage
-Men & Women:
-Decline in extraversion
-Decline in openness
-Increased self-control
-Increased forgiveness
Divorce
-Men:
-Increase in neuroticism
-Most breakups are initiated by women, men hurt more?
-Decrease conscientiousness
-Women:
-Increased extraversion
Parenthood
-Men and Women:
-Higher neuroticism: worry over kids’ safety is good
-Decreased extraversion
Unemployment
-Men:
-More agreeable
-Less conscientious
-Women:
-Less agreeable
-Less conscientious
Mere exposure effect
we like them more if they look like someone we know
Improving Reliability
-Standardize our measurement: make it the same so you can compare across measures
~Ex: Likert scale; true/false
-Aggregate our measurement: take all measurements and average them all together
-Average we find = closest to actual true distance
-In personality: ask a bunch (7-10) questions about the trait you’re trying to measure (Ex: neuroticism, extraversion, etc.)
The Judge
-The good judge
-Positive people: people who think others are good
-Is it because they are actually better at judgment, or is it just because most people are nice?
-Well-adjusted: people who have a healthy psychological state
-No psychopathology (paranoid, etc.)
-Sociable people: better social skills and more practice at making inferences about people and their behaviors
The trait
-The good trait
-Extraversion: easiest trait to figure out
-Agreeableness: you can usually tell if someone is nice
-Conscientiousness: can tell if someone is put today by their presentation and organization in circumstances
-Openness: takes the most time to get an accurate judgment of
The target
-The good target
-Extraverted people: they put themselves out there, so it’s easier to read them
-Consistent people: people who are more consistent across situations (low self-monitoring) are easier to judge
-The target matters more than the judge (in terms of accuracy)
The situation
-The good situation
-Weak situations: fewer restraints on the situation allow you to see someone’s true personality better
-Strong situations: make it harder for people to be themselves
Information (moderators of accuracy)
-The amount of information matters
-The length of time you know someone determines the accuracy of your judgment (know them longer, know them better)
-It’s hard to fake it for a long time
-The quality of information matters
