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Behavioral Neuroscience > Quiz #3 + questions from unit 6-11 > Flashcards

Quiz #3 + questions from unit 6-11 Flashcards

1
Q

The main reason why LTP is one of the most widely studies neuroscientific phenomena is that it

a) involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage

b) can easily be studied in human volunteers

c) occurs only in mammals

d) can be unduced by a method called Hebb’s Postulate

A

a) involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage

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2
Q

The amygdala is thought to play a role in

a) object recognition memory

b) memory for time

c) memory for the emotional significance of experiences

d) space and working memory

A

c) memory for the emotional significance of experiences

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3
Q

The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored

a) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience

b) throughout the hippocampus

c) in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus

d) in the diencephalon

A

a) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience

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4
Q

Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called

a) location cells

b) place cells

c) complex cells

d) simple cells

A

b) place cells

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5
Q

The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for

a) spatial locations

b) sounds

c) faces

d) names

A

a) spatial locations

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6
Q

Bilateral lesions of the medial temporal cortex that do not damage the hippocampus or amygdala produce

a) slight object-recognition deficits in rats

b) no object-recognition deficits in monkeys

c) slight object-recognition deficits in monkeys

d) major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys

A

d) major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys

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7
Q

Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ test that were similar in major respects to the memory deficit displayed by H.M

a) digit-span +1

b) WAIS

c) incomplete-pictures

d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample

A

d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample

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8
Q

Because H.M.’s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus

a) stores most long-term memories

b) stores all long-term memory

c) temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site

d) stores spatial memories

A

c) temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site

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9
Q

Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one’s life are _________ memories

a) semantic

b) procedural

c) episodic

d) remote

A

c) episodic

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10
Q

In a nutshell, H.M’s main problem seems to be that he

a) has no long-term memories

b) can form no new long-term memories

c) can form no new explicit long-term memories

d) can form no new implicit long-term memories

A

c) can form no new explicit long-term memories

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11
Q

Unlike the projections of the other exteroceptive sensory systems, the projections of the gustatory system are primarily

a) contralateral

b) unilateral

c) descending

d) ipsilateral

A

d) ipsilateral

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12
Q

The axons of the olfactory receptors run through the

a) olfactory bulb to the thalamus

b) olfactory bulb to the paleocortex

c) cribriform plate to the thalamus

d) cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs

A

d) cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs

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13
Q

Electrical stimulation of which of the following structures has analgesic effects?

a) SII

b) paraventricular nuclei

c) ventral posterior nuclei

d) periaqueductal gray

A

d) periaqueductal gray

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14
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex is in the

a) precentral gyrus

b) postcentral gyrus

c) occipital lobe

d) frontal lobe

A

b) postcentral gyrus

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15
Q

Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini endings are

a) auditory receptors

b) receptors in the skin

c) taste receptors

d) nuclei in the somatosensory system

A

b) receptors in the skin

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16
Q

The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by

a) free nerve endings

b) Pacinian corpuscles

c) noiceptors

d) temperoceptors

A

a) free nerve endings

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17
Q

The axons of the auditory nerves synapse in the ipsilateral

a) cochlear nuclei

b) superior olivary nuclei

c) medial geniculate nuclei

d) inferior colliculi

A

a) cochlear nuclei

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18
Q
  1. **The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the __________, respectively, of the vibrations that produced it

a) frequency, amplitude, and complexity

b) amplitude, complexity, and frequency

c) amplitude, frequency, and complexity

d) complexity, frequency, and amplitude

A

c) amplitude, frequency, and complexity

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19
Q

An area of cerebral cortex that receives substantial input from more than one sensory system is classified as

a) hierarchical cortex

b) primary sensory cortex

c) secondary sensory cortex

d) association cortex

A

d) association cortex

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20
Q

Areas of neocortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system are classified as

a) association cortex

b) motor cortex

c) secondary sensory cortex

d) primary sensory cortex

A

d) primary sensory cortex

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21
Q

According to the widely accepted 1982 theory of Ungerleider and Mishkin, “where” is to “what” as

a) dorsal stream is to ventral stream

b) ventral stream is to dorsal stream

c) visual perception is to spatial perception

d) contrast vision is to color vision

A

a) dorsal stream is to ventral stream

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22
Q

Evidence indicates that the component theory provides the best explanation of color coding at the

a) complex cell level

b) simple cell level

c) receptor level

d) bipolar level

A

c) receptor level

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23
Q

The existence of complementary color afterimages supports

a) the opponent-process theory

b) the component theory

c) the trichromatic theory

d) the spatial-frequency theory

A

a) the opponent-process theory

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24
Q

Unlike retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells, and simple cortical cells, over half of the complex cortical cells of monkeys

a) are retinotpoic

b) have receptive fields

c) are binocular

d) have photopigments

A

c) are binocular

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25
Q

Like simple cells, complex cortical cells

a) have rectangular receptive fields

b) respond best to straight-line stimuli in a particular orientation

c) are unresponsive to diffuse light

d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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26
Q

In essence, on-center and off-center cells of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond best to

a) straight lines

b) movement

c) contrast

d) circles

A

c) contrast

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27
Q

In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in the left temporal hemiretina

a) project contralaterally

b) project ipsilaterally

c) terminate in the righ lateral geniculate nucleus

d) both A and C

A

b) project ipsilaterally

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28
Q

The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is the

a) bleaching of rhodopsin by light

b) elictation of action potentials in rods

c) turning red of rhodopsin

d) inhibition of action potentials in rods

A

a) bleaching of rhodopsin by light

29
Q

High-acuity vision is mediated by

a) the photopic system

b) the scotopic system

c) the optic discs

d) rhodopsin

A

a) the photopic system

30
Q

Binocular Disparity

a) is an important depth-perception cue

b) is usually corrected by surgery

c) results from neural convergence

d) is mediated by the lateral geniculate

A

a) is an important depth-perception cue

31
Q

What is light sensitivity?

A

the ability to detect on object in dim light

32
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image

33
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

A

rods and cones

34
Q

What is an optic nerve?

A

a nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

35
Q

Explain photopic vision

A
  • Cone-mediated vision
  • predominates in the daytime (light)
  • low convergence = low sensitivity + high acuity
  • A more intense signal (light) is required to activate the RGC (no spatial summation like rods)
36
Q

Explain scotopic vision

A
  • Rod-mediated vision
  • predominates in dim light (nocturnal)
  • high convergence = high sensitivity + low acuity
  • in low lighting, the weak signals are picked up by several receptors which can add up to stimulate RGC
  • spatial ambiguity = low acuity
37
Q

What is another term for the primary visual cortex?

A

striate cortex

38
Q

Who developed the opponent process theory?

A

Hering

39
Q

What are the two classes of cells that encode color in the opponent process theory?

A

class 1: Red + Green
class 2: Blue + Yellow

40
Q

What is the human perception of sound?

A

20-20,000 Hz

41
Q

What is a sound below human perception (<20 Hz) called?

A

infrasounds

42
Q

What is a sound above human perception (>20,000 Hz) called?

A

ultrasounds

43
Q

What are the 3 bones of the middle ear and what do they do?

A
  1. malleus, 2. incus, 3. stapes
    **act like levers to transmit vibration through the middle ear
44
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A

a narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum

45
Q

This structure at the tops of cilia of auditory hair cells that stretch or slacken as the cilia move and help open/close ion channels:

A

Tip links

46
Q

What is asomatognosia?

A

failure to recognize parts of one’s own body

47
Q

What is asterognosia?

A

inability to recognize objects by touch

48
Q

What is anosognia?

A

inability or unwillingness to recognize one’s own functional impairment

49
Q

Patterns of neuronal activity across different receptor types:

A

odours

50
Q

What are the 4 primary tastes (including the 5th taste)?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, unami

51
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

the membrane of the organ of Corti in which the hair cell receptors are embedded

52
Q

What are neurons in the organ of Corti and responsible for auditory transduction?

A

inner-hair cells

53
Q

What are neurons in the organ of Corti and serve to amplify and sharpen the responses of inner hair cells?

A

outer-hair cells

54
Q

What are the 3 major pathways of the dorsal stream?

A
  1. parietal —> prefrontal (spatial working memory)
  2. parietal —> premotor (visually guided action)
  3. parietal —> medial temporal (spatial navigation)
55
Q

The perirhinal cortex is necessary for ________, whereas the hippocampus is necessary for _______

A

object recognition, spatial learning

56
Q

_____ memory may function normally to MTL amnesia, but _____ memory does not and is significantly effected

A

semantic memory, episodic memory

57
Q

Which type(s) of memory are explicit or “declarative”?

A

semantic and episodic memory

58
Q

Which type(s) of memory are iplicit or “nondeclarative”?

A

procedural

59
Q

H. M. had a main deficit in _____ memory

A

declarative (AKA explicit)

60
Q

Which type of cue focuses solely on internal cues? ex. memorizing the direction of where to go in the water maze

A

egocentric cues

61
Q

What is posttraumatic amnesia?

A

retrograde amnesia occurs before a blow to the head, and anterograde amnesia occurs after the blow to head

62
Q

A long-term memory is liable when what happens?

A

the memory is reactivated

63
Q

What controls the amount of light reaching the retinas in the eye?

A

irises

64
Q

Through which opening in the iris does light enter the human eye?

A

pupils

65
Q

What happens when the pupils are constricted?

a) vision is poor in dim lighting
b) both A and C
c) there is usually great depth of focus
d) all of the above

A

b) both A and C

66
Q

The olfactory system is unique among the exteroceptive sensory systems in that its signals

a) are chemical
b) are relayed to the neocortex by the thalamus
c) reach cortical tissue before reaching the thalamus
d) do not reach the neocortex
e) are completely contralateral

A

c) reach cortical tissue before reaching the thalamus

67
Q

Damage to the ________ causes difficulty reaching out and grabbing objects (difficulty seeing “where” the objects are)

A

Dorsal Stream

68
Q

Damage to the ________ causes difficulty explaining the function of the object (difficulty explaining the “what” of the objects)

A

Ventral Stream

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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