Quiz #3 + questions from unit 6-11 Flashcards
The main reason why LTP is one of the most widely studies neuroscientific phenomena is that it
a) involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage
b) can easily be studied in human volunteers
c) occurs only in mammals
d) can be unduced by a method called Hebb’s Postulate
a) involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage
The amygdala is thought to play a role in
a) object recognition memory
b) memory for time
c) memory for the emotional significance of experiences
d) space and working memory
c) memory for the emotional significance of experiences
The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored
a) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience
b) throughout the hippocampus
c) in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus
d) in the diencephalon
a) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience
Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called
a) location cells
b) place cells
c) complex cells
d) simple cells
b) place cells
The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for
a) spatial locations
b) sounds
c) faces
d) names
a) spatial locations
Bilateral lesions of the medial temporal cortex that do not damage the hippocampus or amygdala produce
a) slight object-recognition deficits in rats
b) no object-recognition deficits in monkeys
c) slight object-recognition deficits in monkeys
d) major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys
d) major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys
Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ test that were similar in major respects to the memory deficit displayed by H.M
a) digit-span +1
b) WAIS
c) incomplete-pictures
d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample
d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample
Because H.M.’s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus
a) stores most long-term memories
b) stores all long-term memory
c) temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site
d) stores spatial memories
c) temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site
Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one’s life are _________ memories
a) semantic
b) procedural
c) episodic
d) remote
c) episodic
In a nutshell, H.M’s main problem seems to be that he
a) has no long-term memories
b) can form no new long-term memories
c) can form no new explicit long-term memories
d) can form no new implicit long-term memories
c) can form no new explicit long-term memories
Unlike the projections of the other exteroceptive sensory systems, the projections of the gustatory system are primarily
a) contralateral
b) unilateral
c) descending
d) ipsilateral
d) ipsilateral
The axons of the olfactory receptors run through the
a) olfactory bulb to the thalamus
b) olfactory bulb to the paleocortex
c) cribriform plate to the thalamus
d) cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs
d) cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs
Electrical stimulation of which of the following structures has analgesic effects?
a) SII
b) paraventricular nuclei
c) ventral posterior nuclei
d) periaqueductal gray
d) periaqueductal gray
Primary somatosensory cortex is in the
a) precentral gyrus
b) postcentral gyrus
c) occipital lobe
d) frontal lobe
b) postcentral gyrus
Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini endings are
a) auditory receptors
b) receptors in the skin
c) taste receptors
d) nuclei in the somatosensory system
b) receptors in the skin
The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by
a) free nerve endings
b) Pacinian corpuscles
c) noiceptors
d) temperoceptors
a) free nerve endings
The axons of the auditory nerves synapse in the ipsilateral
a) cochlear nuclei
b) superior olivary nuclei
c) medial geniculate nuclei
d) inferior colliculi
a) cochlear nuclei
- **The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the __________, respectively, of the vibrations that produced it
a) frequency, amplitude, and complexity
b) amplitude, complexity, and frequency
c) amplitude, frequency, and complexity
d) complexity, frequency, and amplitude
c) amplitude, frequency, and complexity
An area of cerebral cortex that receives substantial input from more than one sensory system is classified as
a) hierarchical cortex
b) primary sensory cortex
c) secondary sensory cortex
d) association cortex
d) association cortex
Areas of neocortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system are classified as
a) association cortex
b) motor cortex
c) secondary sensory cortex
d) primary sensory cortex
d) primary sensory cortex
According to the widely accepted 1982 theory of Ungerleider and Mishkin, “where” is to “what” as
a) dorsal stream is to ventral stream
b) ventral stream is to dorsal stream
c) visual perception is to spatial perception
d) contrast vision is to color vision
a) dorsal stream is to ventral stream
Evidence indicates that the component theory provides the best explanation of color coding at the
a) complex cell level
b) simple cell level
c) receptor level
d) bipolar level
c) receptor level
The existence of complementary color afterimages supports
a) the opponent-process theory
b) the component theory
c) the trichromatic theory
d) the spatial-frequency theory
a) the opponent-process theory
Unlike retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells, and simple cortical cells, over half of the complex cortical cells of monkeys
a) are retinotpoic
b) have receptive fields
c) are binocular
d) have photopigments
c) are binocular
Like simple cells, complex cortical cells
a) have rectangular receptive fields
b) respond best to straight-line stimuli in a particular orientation
c) are unresponsive to diffuse light
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
In essence, on-center and off-center cells of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond best to
a) straight lines
b) movement
c) contrast
d) circles
c) contrast
In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in the left temporal hemiretina
a) project contralaterally
b) project ipsilaterally
c) terminate in the righ lateral geniculate nucleus
d) both A and C
b) project ipsilaterally
The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is the
a) bleaching of rhodopsin by light
b) elictation of action potentials in rods
c) turning red of rhodopsin
d) inhibition of action potentials in rods
a) bleaching of rhodopsin by light
High-acuity vision is mediated by
a) the photopic system
b) the scotopic system
c) the optic discs
d) rhodopsin
a) the photopic system
Binocular Disparity
a) is an important depth-perception cue
b) is usually corrected by surgery
c) results from neural convergence
d) is mediated by the lateral geniculate
a) is an important depth-perception cue
What is light sensitivity?
the ability to detect on object in dim light
What is binocular vision?
the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?
rods and cones
What is an optic nerve?
a nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Explain photopic vision
- Cone-mediated vision
- predominates in the daytime (light)
- low convergence = low sensitivity + high acuity
- A more intense signal (light) is required to activate the RGC (no spatial summation like rods)
Explain scotopic vision
- Rod-mediated vision
- predominates in dim light (nocturnal)
- high convergence = high sensitivity + low acuity
- in low lighting, the weak signals are picked up by several receptors which can add up to stimulate RGC
- spatial ambiguity = low acuity
What is another term for the primary visual cortex?
striate cortex
Who developed the opponent process theory?
Hering
What are the two classes of cells that encode color in the opponent process theory?
class 1: Red + Green
class 2: Blue + Yellow
What is the human perception of sound?
20-20,000 Hz
What is a sound below human perception (<20 Hz) called?
infrasounds
What is a sound above human perception (>20,000 Hz) called?
ultrasounds
What are the 3 bones of the middle ear and what do they do?
- malleus, 2. incus, 3. stapes
**act like levers to transmit vibration through the middle ear
What is the eustachian tube?
a narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum
This structure at the tops of cilia of auditory hair cells that stretch or slacken as the cilia move and help open/close ion channels:
Tip links
What is asomatognosia?
failure to recognize parts of one’s own body
What is asterognosia?
inability to recognize objects by touch
What is anosognia?
inability or unwillingness to recognize one’s own functional impairment
Patterns of neuronal activity across different receptor types:
odours
What are the 4 primary tastes (including the 5th taste)?
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, unami
What is the basilar membrane?
the membrane of the organ of Corti in which the hair cell receptors are embedded
What are neurons in the organ of Corti and responsible for auditory transduction?
inner-hair cells
What are neurons in the organ of Corti and serve to amplify and sharpen the responses of inner hair cells?
outer-hair cells
What are the 3 major pathways of the dorsal stream?
- parietal —> prefrontal (spatial working memory)
- parietal —> premotor (visually guided action)
- parietal —> medial temporal (spatial navigation)
The perirhinal cortex is necessary for ________, whereas the hippocampus is necessary for _______
object recognition, spatial learning
_____ memory may function normally to MTL amnesia, but _____ memory does not and is significantly effected
semantic memory, episodic memory
Which type(s) of memory are explicit or “declarative”?
semantic and episodic memory
Which type(s) of memory are iplicit or “nondeclarative”?
procedural
H. M. had a main deficit in _____ memory
declarative (AKA explicit)
Which type of cue focuses solely on internal cues? ex. memorizing the direction of where to go in the water maze
egocentric cues
What is posttraumatic amnesia?
retrograde amnesia occurs before a blow to the head, and anterograde amnesia occurs after the blow to head
A long-term memory is liable when what happens?
the memory is reactivated
What controls the amount of light reaching the retinas in the eye?
irises
Through which opening in the iris does light enter the human eye?
pupils
What happens when the pupils are constricted?
a) vision is poor in dim lighting
b) both A and C
c) there is usually great depth of focus
d) all of the above
b) both A and C
The olfactory system is unique among the exteroceptive sensory systems in that its signals
a) are chemical
b) are relayed to the neocortex by the thalamus
c) reach cortical tissue before reaching the thalamus
d) do not reach the neocortex
e) are completely contralateral
c) reach cortical tissue before reaching the thalamus
Damage to the ________ causes difficulty reaching out and grabbing objects (difficulty seeing “where” the objects are)
Dorsal Stream
Damage to the ________ causes difficulty explaining the function of the object (difficulty explaining the “what” of the objects)
Ventral Stream
