Midterm 2 Material Flashcards
Why is dopamine not an effective treatment for disease?
a) disease is a cholinergic dysfunction
b) dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS
c) dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier
d) disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction
c) dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier
What is a membrane potential?
a) the inside and outside of a cell
b) synapses and cell bodies
c) nuclei and tracts
d) neuron membranes
a) the inside and outside of a cell
What is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
a) a neuron is polarized
b) all of the above
c) a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV
d) the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron
c) a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV
What state is a neuron in when it is at rest?
a) depolarized
b) hyperpolarized
c) hypolarized
d) polarized
d) polarized
What are the two types of pressure that influence ions to move in and out of the resting membrane?
a) mechanical pressure and chemical pressure
b) electrostatic pressure and random motion pressure
c) hydrostatic pressure and gravitational pressure
d) thermal pressure and osmotic pressure
b) electrostatic pressure and random motion pressure
Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually
a) agonists of that neurotransmitter
b) antagonists of that neurotransmitter
c) enzymes of that neurotransmitter
d) receptor blockers
e) ligands of that neurotransmitter
a) agonists of that neurotransmitter
Ionotropic receptors are linked to
a) ribosomes
b) neurotransmitters
c) ligand-activated ion channels
d) vesicles
e) G proteins
c) ligand-activated ion channels
The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential when it is impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron is called the
a) threshold of excitation
b) threshold of inhibition
c) absolute refractory period
d) IPSP
e) relative refractory period
c) absolute refractory period
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by
a) an efflux of sodium ions
b) an influx of calcium ions
c) the sodium-potassium pump
d) the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock
e) the release of calcium ions from the buttons
b) an influx of calcium ions
Conduction of action potentials along an axon is
a) instantaneous
b) decremental
c) nondecremental
d) entirely passive
e) always saltatory
c) nondecremental
Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?
a) heroin
b) morphine
c) cocaine
d) marijuana
both A and B
c) cocaine
Which of the following is synthesized directly from tyrosine??
a) L-DOPA
b) dopamine
c) serotonin
d) epinephrine
a) L-DOPA
The most commonly prescribed anxiety-reducing drugs act on which neurotransmitter system?
a) glutamate
b) acetylcholine
c) GABA
d) action potential
c) GABA
At resting membrane potential, the NMDA receptor channel is blocked by:
a) calcium ions
b) magnesium ions
c) sodium ions
d) potassium ions
b) magnesium ions
Exocytosis is triggered by a(n)_____ reaching the axon terminal, which prompts an influx of ____ ions through ___ channels
a) action potential; calcium; voltage-gated
b) action potential; potassium; voltage-gated
c) action potential; calcium; ligand-gated
d) action potential; potassium; ligand-gates
a) action potential; calcium; voltage-gated
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse?
Acetylcholinesterase
Individuals who possess two identical genes for a particular trait:
a) are homozygous for that trait
b) are heterozygous for that trait
c) cannot have offspring of the same phenotype for that trait
d) cannot have offspring of the same genotype for that trait
e) none of the above
a) are homozygous for that trait
Which neurotransmitter Is primarily synthesized in the raphe nuclei?
a) dopamine
b) epinephrine
c) serotonin
d) norepinephrine
c) serotonin
Neurotransmitter precursors and other molecules are packaged into vesicles in the soma by
a) golgi complexes
b) ribosomes
c) nuclei
d) none of the above
a) golgi complexes
The memory impairment seen in Alzheimer’s disease patients has most often been associated with reduction in the brain levels of which neurotransmitter?
a) GABA
b) glutamate
c) acetylcholine
d) serotonin
c) acetylcholine
What is multiple sclerosis?
Scarring of the myelin, which damages it
T or F: a myelinated axon makes axonal conduction faster
TRUE
The parts of an axon that are un-myelinated, and landed on to “boost up” are called:
Nodes of ranvier
What is saltatory conduction?
When the signal jumps over the myelinated axon, and lands on the Nodes of Ranvier to get “boosted”
T or F: Action potentials are decremental
FALSE; they are non-decremental, which means the strength of the action potential stays the same throughout the neuron
- the action potential has to be “boosted” every once in a while to return to its normal strength
What are the 2 directions that an action potential can travel?
- Orthodromic conduction
- normal direction, from axon hillock towards the axon terminal - Antidromic conduction
- opposite direction, from axon terminal towards the axon hillock
T or F: in an absolute refractory period, another action potential can be fired
FALSE
- period of time where an action potential CANNOT fire
Explain Spatial and Temporal Summation
- Spatial Summation
- At the same time, in different locations
- a simultaneous IPSP or simultaneous EPSP will sum together to create a bigger result
- if a IPSP and EPSP occur at the same time, they will cancel each other out - Temporal Summation
- in rapid succession at the same synapse
- if an IPSP or EPSP is elicited very quickly after the first one, it will sum to produce a larger reaction
The Sodium-Potassium pump uses energy to put ___ Na+ ions OUT and ___ potassium ions IN
3 Na+ ions OUT; 2 potassium ions IN
Which NMDA receptor is crucial for the NMDA receptor to work?
NR1
Which NMDA receptor is crucial for calcium entry to work?
NR2B
What are the 2 types of GABA receptors, and which one is the most common?
GABA a (ionotropic) & GABA b (metabotropic)
most common: GABA a
What are the 5 subunits of GABA?
- Benzodiazepines
- Barbiturates
- Steroids
- Picrotoxin
- Alcohol (doesn’t have its own binding spot)
Which 1 subunit of GABA can activate the GABA receptor WITHOUT the GABA receptor being bound when at high levels?
Barbiturates
What is the direct pre-cursor for dopamine?
L-DOPA
Degeneration of dopamine in the system leads to:
Parkinson’s disease
Which pathway is important for rewards?
Mesolimbic system
Dopamine has 5 receptors. Which subfamily is excitatory, and which is inhibitory?
D1-Like (D1 and D5): EXCITATORY
D2-Like (D3, D4, D5): INHIBITORY
What is the direct pre-cursor for epinephrine?
Norepinephrine (AKA noradrenaline)
** norepinephrine is specifically involved in the enhancement of longer-term memory for emotionally arousing situations
Which Monoamine is primarily produced in the Locus Ceruleus?
Norepinephrine
T or F: released noradrenaline is more diffusely by Non Directed Synapses
TRUE (signal moves down a “string of beads”)
Which Monoamine is primarily synthesized in the adrenal glands?
Epinephrine (AKA adrenaline)
What is the amino acid and pre-cursor for serotonin?
Trytophan
What is the pre-cursor for catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)?
Tyrosine
A loss of dopamine in the __________ leads to Parkinson’s Disease
Striatum pathway - in the substantia nigra
T or F: cocaine is a catecholamine agonist
TRUE: it increases the activity of both norepinephrine and epinephrine
Symptoms including excitability, anxiety, talkativeness, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, dilation of pupils, faster breathing, sweating, loss of appetite, and insomnia have often been misdiagnosed for Paranoid Schizophrenia, but it is really __________.
Cocaine psychosis
Which chemical is primarily synthesized in the raphe nuclei?
Serotonin
What are the 2 types of Acetylcholine Receptors?
Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors
What specific toxin damages SNARE proteins, and prevents docking from happening? —– exocytosis can’t happen :(
Botulinum Toxin (botox)
A loss of cholinergic receptors in the basal forebrain neurons in aging can lead to:
Alzheimer’s disease
