quiz 3 neoplasia trivia

Question 1

5 malignant histological features

Answer 1

• pleomorphism - variation in size and shape
• hyperchromasia - density of chromatin
• chromatin distribution - clumped along nuclear membrane
• nuclear/cytoplasm - N:C ratio
• abnormal mitosis/polarity

Question 2

two reasons why morphologic features can’t reliably predict malignancy

Answer 2

• innocent face

- continuum, blending

Question 3

explain ancillary tests for lineage

Answer 3

sometimes so poorly differentiated that you need to look at proteins produced to figure out what the original tissue type was

Question 4

two elements of prognosis

Answer 4

• grade

- stage

Question 5

explain the three elements of grade

Answer 5

• level of differentiation
• presence of necrosis
• number of mitoses

Question 6

explain the system behind determining stage

Answer 6

TNM system

• tumor size
• number of nodes
• metastases

Question 7

which is more predictive, grade or stage?

Answer 7

stage

Question 8

malignancy from cigarette smoke

Answer 8

carcinoma of lung and larynx

Question 9

malignancy from sun exposure

Answer 9

squamous carcinoma/melanoma

Question 10

smoked foods malignancy

Answer 10

adenocarcinoma of stomach

Question 11

alcohol malignancy

Answer 11

squamous carcinoma of oral cavity and esophagus

Question 12

malignancy from aflatoxin B1

Answer 12

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 13

asbestos malignancy

Answer 13

mesothelioma, carcinoma of the lung

Question 14

benzene malignancy

Answer 14

acute leukemia

Question 15

B-naphthylamine malignancy

Answer 15

carcinoma of the bladder

Question 16

nickel, chromium, uranium malignancy

Answer 16

carcinoma of the lung

Question 17

polyvinyl chloride malignancy

Answer 17

hepatic angiosarcoma

Question 18

thorotrast malignancy

Answer 18

hepatic angiosarcoma

Question 19

alkylating chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 19

acute leukemia

Question 20

mouse skin carcinogenesis model - conclusion

Answer 20

apply initiator (DMBA) and then constant application of promotor (croton oil)

• initiator is mutagenic and is irreversible
• promoter is non-mutagenic and reversible

Question 21

Ames test

Answer 21

tests for mutagenicity of substance by placing mutated non-histadine producing Salmonella into substance on non-histadine plate. Measure amount of bacteria that regain ability to make own histamine.

Question 22

what is happening during promotion if there is not mutation?

Answer 22

• previous mutation may make cells more responsive to growth factors
• division and clonal expansion make cells more vulnerable to further mutation

Question 23

what do cytochrome oxidases such as aflatoxin B1 and benzo(a)pyrene do?

Answer 23

• metabolize procarcinogen into active ultimate carcinogen or mutagen

Question 24

what viruses cause cancer?

Answer 24

papillomavirus
herpes viruses
adenovirus

Question 25

explain v-src vs c-src

Answer 25

v-src is an oncogene required for transforming cells. c-src is a protooncogene found in all normal cells that has the potential to induce cell transformation and cancer

Question 26

human herpes virus 8 is associated with which type of cancer?

Answer 26

sarcoma Kaposi

Question 27

hep B and C viruses are associated with which type of cancer?

Answer 27

hepatoma

Question 28

what two enabling characteristics are crucial for carcinogenesis?

Answer 28

• genome instability

- tumor-promoting inflammation leading to release of GF, survival factors, proangiogenic factors, mutagens

Question 29

what causes genome instability?

Answer 29

• increased sensitivity to mutagenic agents

- breakdown in caretaker genes that manage things like DNA repair, detection of damage, telomere maintenance