quiz 3 content

Question 1

key topics in environmental health

Answer 1

infectious diseases and the environment, categories of infectious diseases, chronic disease and the environment, chemical exposures, environmental justice

Question 2

aim of environmental health services

Answer 2

to protect and enhance environmental quality for all people, so that overall health is preserved or improved
this is no small task, particularly given the significance of the environment in negative health outcomes

Question 3

purpose of environmental protection agency

Answer 3

consolidate federal research, monitoring, standards-setting, and enforcement activities to achieve a cleaner, healthier environment in the US

Question 4

types of infectious diseases

Answer 4

zoonotic, water related, and water-borne

Question 5

direct transmission

Answer 5

occurs when there is physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person
- pathogens may be exchanged through touching, kissing, biting, or sexual contact

Question 6

indirect transmission

Answer 6

occurs when there is no direct contact with the infected person, but the pathogen is nonetheless transmitted
- when a person comes in contact with the infectious agent through food, water, or an inanimate object such as toys, soiled clothes, or even a computer keyboard

Question 7

vector borne transmission

Answer 7

living organisms that are capable of transmitting infectious diseases
- pathogens may be spread by biting, feces, or on the surface of the vector

Question 8

airborne transmission

Answer 8

particles (dust or small respiratory droplets) containing microorganisms can remain suspended in air for long periods of time
- these organisms must be capable of surviving for long periods of time outside the body and must be resistant to drying

Question 9

zoonotic diseases

Answer 9

caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted betwen vertebrate animals to humans
increasing due to international travel and increase in human activity into new areas

Question 10

water related diseases

Answer 10

caused by infectious agents and chemicals in the water that people drink

Question 11

water-borne diseases

Answer 11

more specific subgroup of water related diseases; not only is water required for the transmission of disease, but it is in fact the source of exposure to the susceptible host

Question 12

key points from rachel carson’s silent spring

Answer 12

• by poisoning nature, people were ultimately poisoning each other and subverting what she considered a fundamental right to a healthy environment
• pesticides were over abused, weren’t used properly, it wasn’t under control
• forced people to think about the environment in a new way

Question 13

types of disease

Answer 13

chronic and infectious

Question 14

types of infectious agents

Answer 14

bacteria, viruses, parasites

Question 15

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Answer 15

virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
treatment: antiretroviral treatment therapy

Question 16

influenza

Answer 16

an infectious disease caused by a virus that mutates frequently, causing new strains to spread around the world regularly; vaccines are effective but must be changed each year

Question 17

reservoir

Answer 17

a place where a pathogen lives and multiplies before invading a noninfected person; some pathogens infect only humans; some have animal reservoirs and infect humans only occasionally. contaminated water or food may serve as a reservoir for waterborne or foodborne diseases

Question 18

pathogen

Answer 18

a microorganism that causes illness

Question 19

vector

Answer 19

an animal or insect that transmits a pathogen to a human host

Question 20

incubation period

Answer 20

time between infection of an individual by a pathogen and the manifestation of the disease it causes

Question 21

chain of infection

Answer 21

pattern by which an infectious disease is transmitted from person to person
cycle of pathogen, reservoir, place of exit, method of transmission, port of entry, susceptible host

Question 22

how to interrupt chain of infection

Answer 22

link 1: pathogen could be killed by for example using an antibiotic
link 2: eliminate the reservoir that harbors the pathogen
link 3: quarantining infected individuals
link 4: resistance of hosts can be increased by immunization

Question 23

significance of outbreak investigation

Answer 23

identifies the source of the outbreak and implements measures that can prevent further spread of the outbreak

Question 24

herd immunity

Answer 24

protection of individuals who lack immunity to a disease that is provided when a significant majority of the population has been immunized against that disease, either by vaccination or by acquisition of immunity by infection

Question 25

environmental justice

Answer 25

looks at the inequitable distribution of risks associated with an environmental toxicant; environmental injustices thus occur when marginalized populations are over-represented in environmental contaminant exposures, leading to health disparities

Question 26

bioterrorism

Answer 26

terrorism involving the release of toxic biological agents

Question 27

antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive

Question 28

nosocomial surveillance (surveillance of healthcare-associated infections)

Answer 28

obtains national data on nosocomial infections; used to estimate the magnitude of the nosocomial infection problem in the US and to monitor trends in infections and risk factors

Question 29

infectious disease triangle

Answer 29

agent (what causes the disease), host (who harbors the disease), environment (external factors that cause or allow disease transmission)

Question 30

purpose of onehealth

Answer 30

goal to achieve optimal health outcomes, recognizing the interconnections between people, animals, and the environment

Question 31

characteristics of one health approach

Answer 31

approach tackles shared health threats by looking at all angles- human, animal, plant, and environmental
- equity between sectors and disciplines
- sociopolitical and multicultural parity
- socioecological equilibrium that seeks a harmonious balance between human-animal-environment interaction
- stewardship and the responsibility of humans to change behavior and adopt sustainable solutions
- transdisciplinary and multisectoral collaboration

Question 32

examples of onehealth issues

Answer 32

zoonotic diseases
antibiotic resistance
food safety and security
vector-borne diseases
environmental health
chronic diseases
mental health
occupational health

Question 33

world health organization (WHO)

Answer 33

responsible for providing leadership of global health matters, shaping health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends

Question 34

the league of nations

Answer 34

gather information on epidemic outbreaks; pioneered in the collection, standardization, and dissemination of vital and health health statistics

Question 35

alma-ata declaration

Answer 35

first time representatives from all countries in the world meet for the promotion of health care for all
addressed healthcare problems of the poorest countries
focused on primary healthcare

Question 36

millennium development goals (MDGs)

Answer 36

generated new and innovative partnerships, galvanized public opinion, and showed the immense value of setting ambitious goals
helped to life more than one billion people out of extreme poverty, to make inroads against hunger, to enable more girls than ever before to attend school, and to protect our planet
inequalities persist and progress was uneven which led to the SDGs

Question 37

sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Answer 37

had working groups and sought international input
has 17 goals
include improving all countries, including the high-income countries
pillars of human development, human rights, and equity are deeply rooted in SDGs and several targets seven explicitly refer to people with disabilities, six to people in vulnerable situations, and two to non-discrimination
include comprehensive vision for partnership and multilateral projects

Question 38

sustainable development goals (17 of them)

Answer 38

no poverty
zero hunger
good health and well-being
quality education
gender equality
clean water and sanitation
affordable and clean energy
decent work and economic growth
industry, innovation, and infrastructure
reduced inequalities
sustainable cities and communities
responsible consumption and production
climate action
life below water
life on land
peace justice and strong institutions, partnerships for the goals

Question 39

health communication

Answer 39

study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health
interpersonal or mass communication activities which are focused on improving health of individuals and populations
considers a variety of channels to deliver targeted or tailored messages to different audiences

Question 40

why is health communication important?

Answer 40

patient and provider communication
public health interventions
health behavior changes

Question 41

commonly used health communication channels

Answer 41

podcasts, news outlets, social media, infographics

Question 42

key principles of effective health communication

Answer 42

few in number, short and concise, memorable, focused on a specific topic, consistent

Question 43

health misinformation

Answer 43

linked to 6 domains
- vaccines
- diets and eating disorders
- drugs and new tobacco products
- pandemics and communicable diseases
- noncommunicable diseases
- medical treatments and interventions

Question 44

addressing misinformation

Answer 44

equip individuals with the tools to identify misinformation
expand research that deepens our understanding of health misinformation
implement product design and policy changes on tech platforms
invest in longer-term efforts to build resilience against health misinformation
convene federal, state, local, territorial, tribal, private, non profit, and research partners

Question 45

media advocacy

Answer 45

getting news media attention; increasing the odds that coverage supports/reflects community efforts to create a healthier environment

Question 46

different forms of mass media

Answer 46

news, advertisements, entertainment, social media

Question 47

ways the media affects health

Answer 47

positive intended: encourage people to behave in healthier ways and prepare people for natural disasters

negative intended: advertising smoking products

unintended positive: the news/ads/entertainment make it possible for people to talk since things are more normalized

unintended negative: alcohol ads & entertainment, substance use in music, DTC drug advertising, media violence, body image effects, sexual content effects, news coverage of health issues, social media & contagion, social media & mental health

Question 48

media contagion

Answer 48

suicide
mass shootings