Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

public health > quiz 1 content > Flashcards

quiz 1 content Flashcards

1
Q

definition of public health

A

science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through education, policy-making, and research for disease and injury prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the key public health players?

A

James Lind, John Snow, and Ignaz Semmelweiss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

James Lind

A

Scottish physician who conducted the first clinical trial in recorded history; set out to find the best method of disease prevention of scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

John Snow

A

father of epidemiology; most famous for tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, England in 1854; linked cholera outbreak to particular water supply company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ignaz Semmelweiss

A

proposed hand-washing after working as an unpaid assistant in a lying hospital; suggest chlorinated lime soap would adequately remove contaminants causing the puerperal fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

public health vs. medical care

A

PH( population focus, public health ethic, prevention or public health emphasis, joint laboratory and field involvement, clinical sciences peripheral to professional training, public sector basis) medical care (individual patient focus, personal service ethic, diagnosis and treatment emphasis, joint laboratory and patient involvement, clinical sciences essential to professional training, private sector basis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

levels of prevention

A

primary: preventative measures that prevent illness or injury before the disease process begins
secondary: preventative measures that lead to early diagnosis or prompt treatment
tertiary: managing disease post-diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are examples of primary prevention?

A

vaccinations and education (prevent things before they happen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are examples of secondary prevention?

A

screening and early detection, such as breast cancer screenings (reduce severity of illness or injury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are examples of tertiary prevention?

A

development of EMS and trauma centers (aims to minimize mortality because of injury or illness when it has already occurred)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

public health core disciplines

A

social and behavioral sciences, epidemiology, biostatistics, health management & policy, environmental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

social justice

A

as a platform from which health is no longer seen as a privilege of the wealthy but as a right to be secured by all members of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

10 essential public health services

A
  1. assess and monitor health
  2. investigate, diagnose, and improve
  3. inform, educate, improve
  4. mobilize communities and partnerships
  5. develop policies, plans, and laws
  6. enforce laws
  7. equitable access to care
  8. build a diverse and skilled public health workforce
  9. evaluation and quality improvement
  10. strong organizational infrastructure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

miasmic theory

A

argued disease was actually caused by bad air, a noxious form of pollution within the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

public health issues that have been at the forefront of civilization

A

sanitation and housing, provision of safe, clean food and water, and the control and treatment of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

interventions that have contributed to a reduction in deaths from infectious diseases between 1900 and 2000

A

extensive policy changes and increases in legislation, development of vaccines, formalized national and international public health infrastructure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some major public health problems in the US?

A

health care delivery, environmental problems, lifestyle diseases, communicable diseases, alcohol and other drug abuse, disasters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

local public health agencies

A

county health department and state health department

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

federal public health agencies

A

Department of Health and Human Services (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention AND National Institutes of Health AND Food and Drug Administration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

health care spending in the US

A

(2019) about $3.8 trillion ; public health expenditures were just under 3% of all health costs (~250 per person)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cost-effectiveness of PH

A

every $1 spent on prevention saves $5.60 in health spending

22
Q

public health impacts

A

since 1900, the avg American lifespan has increased by more than 30 years (currently 78.7 yrs); approx 25 yrs of increase attributed to public health measures

23
Q

statistics

A

quantitative discipline that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data

24
Q

biostatistics

A

application of statistics to a wide range of topics in the health sciences

25
Q

what goes into a biostatistical analysis?

A

inference, producing data, exploratory data analysis, probability

26
Q

biostatistical questions

A

clinical trials: how can we access whether interventions are effective?
environmental health: what is the relationship between environmental conditions and health, including spatial distribution of risk factors?
health services research: how do social factors affect health care quality?
Genetics: Do mutational differences correlate with diseases and phenotypes?
Genomics: How does the activity of genes relate to disease and treatments?

27
Q

where do biostatisticians work?

A

pharmaceuticals (drug discovery, design and testing), other biotech (medical devices), government (public health and regulatory agencies), researcher or analyst (academia, hospitals)

28
Q

types of commonly used data sources in public health and their uses

A

(public health surveillance)
US census, reported diseases or syndromes, electronic health records, vital records, registries, surveys (public health surveillance)

29
Q

core functions of public health

A

assessment, policy development, and assurance

30
Q

uncertainty of science

A

quantify uncertainty by measuring probabilities, not enough data available to give a degree of certainty

31
Q

probability

A

used to describe variety and frequency of past outcomes under similar conditions as a way of predicting what should happen in the future

32
Q

p-value

A

degree of probability or improbability of a certain result in an experiment

33
Q

statistical significance

A

there is only a small statistical probability that the same result could have been found by chance and that the intervention had no real effect

34
Q

confidence interval

A

range of values within which the true result probably falls

35
Q

power

A

probability of finding an effect if there is, in fact, an effect

36
Q

false negative

A

no effect when there actually is one

37
Q

false positive

A

an effect that is not real

38
Q

rates

A

put raw number into perspective by relating them to size of population being considered

39
Q

crude rates

A

actual rate of events (births, deaths, etc) in a population without adjustment

40
Q

adjusted rates

A

a way of comparing 2 groups that differ in some important variable by mathematically eliminating the effect of that variable

41
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events and the application of this study to the control of these problems

42
Q

what does epidemiology consist of?

A

identifying the cause of the disease and risk factors, determine the extent of disease found in the community, study natural history and prognosis of disease, evaluate new and existing preventative and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery, provide foundation for developing public policy and regulatory decisions relating to epidemiologic problems

43
Q

incidence vs prevalence

A

number of newly identified or reported cases of a disease in a population during a defined period of time vs. total number of existing cases of a disease in the population at a given time

44
Q

what are the types of epidemiologic studies?

A

intervention, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional

45
Q

intervention studies (Randomized, Double-blind Clinical trials RCTs)

A

strongest possible evidence of causation; 1. treatment vs control group 2. implemented to test a new treatment for a disease or preventative measure 3. researchers determine whether the response of the treatment group differs from the control; strengths= ability to demonstrate causality, limitations= expensive, time-consuming, non-compliance, withdrawals after randomization process, attrition/losses to follow up

46
Q

cohort studies (observational study design)

A

participants do not have the outcome of interest to begin with, selected based on exposure status, followed over time to evaluate for the occurrence of an outcome of interest

47
Q

case control studies

A

examines factors associated with diseases or outcomes, begins with a group of cases, a group of controls, historical factors are examined to identify an exposure(s) more commonly found in cases compared to the controls

48
Q

cross-sectional studies

A
  1. outcome and exposure are measured in participants at the same time 2. participants selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria 3. once participants are selected, the researcher follows the study to assess the exposure and the outcomes
49
Q

10 great public health achievements in US

A

vaccine-preventable diseases, tobacco control, prevention and control of infectious diseases, maternal and infant health, cardiovascular disease prevention, occupational safety, motor vehicle safety, cancer prevention, public health preparedness and response, childhood lead poisoning prevention

50
Q

sources of error

A

random variation, confounding variables, bias, selection bias

public health (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions