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quiz 2 content Flashcards

1
Q

ethnography/participant observation (qualitative)

A

participant-observer immerses themselves into a group for an extended period of time, in which they are:
-observing behavior
-listening to what is stated in conservations between others and with the fieldworker
-asking questions
-observes a tribe, village, religious, occupational, or sub-cultural group, or a particular community

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2
Q

interviews (qualitative)

A

-most widely used method in qualitative research
-interviewer asks questions ( using prompts or interview guide), then uses prompts to encourage more information from the respondent
-structured, semi-structured, or unstructured
-open-ended questions
-interest is in the interviewee’s point of view
- can be used in both qualitative OR quantitative research

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3
Q

focus groups (qualitative)

A

-one of most common forms of qualitative research in public health
-guided discussion with a small group of participants which aims to explore a specific issue in great detail
-aims to gather in-depth information about specific topics within specific populations

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4
Q

document or artifact reviews (qualitative)

A

-qualitative data can also come from the review of documents or artifacts
- ex: art, graffiti, letters, emails, websites, media, advertisements, journals, diaries, autobiographies, or photographs

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5
Q

photovoice

A

participants provided cameras by the research team

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6
Q

quantitative research

A

objective, one reality-TRUTH, reduction control prediction, measurable, sum of parts=whole, report statistical findings, researcher~separate disengaged, context free~controlled

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7
Q

qualitative research

A

subjectively valued, multiple realities- truths, discovery description understanding, interpretative, whole>sum of parts, report rich narrative, researcher~part of research process, context dependent~not controlled

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8
Q

SBS

A

help people adopt new behaviors
help people refrain from old behaviors
help reinforce healthy behaviors
ensure a supportive and healthy environment

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9
Q

levels of McLeroy’s social-ecological model

A

individual, relationship, community, societal

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10
Q

individual

A

encompasses the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of the individual

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11
Q

relationship

A

includes family, friends, and coworkers
ex. different strategies in a teen drug prevention program depending on the nature of the teens’ social relationships

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12
Q

community

A

schools and workplaces; organizations may provide a corporate culture that supports positive behavior change

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13
Q

society

A

organizations can work together in a community to jointly promote healthy goals

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14
Q

SES (socioeconomic status)

A

includes income, education, and occupational status; accounts for in part for health differences by race, sex, and marital status

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15
Q

health belief model

A

specifies several factors that determine whether a person is likely to change behavior when faced with a health threat (1) the extent to which the individual feels vulnerable to the threat (2) the perceived severity of the threat (3) perceived barriers to taking action to reduce the risk (4) the perceived effectiveness of taking an action to prevent or minimize the problem

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16
Q

transtheoretical model

A

envisions change as a process involving progress through a series of five stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

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17
Q

health disparity

A

differences in health status between one population group when compared to a more advantaged group; higher rates of individuals of people of color are uninsured compared to white adults

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18
Q

social determinants of health

A

economic stability, education access and quality, health care access, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context

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19
Q

what is true about the social determinants of health?

A

they are the drivers of health disparities

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20
Q

addressing health disparities

A

assess and monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets; create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health

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21
Q

root causes of health disparities

A

structural discrimination (racism, sexism, ableism, classism)

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22
Q

guiding principles

A

1) truth and reconciliation 2) community-driven structural change 3) financial supports

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23
Q

how can health professionals intervene upon social determinants of health?

A

patient level: asking about social history, providing them with advice, referring them to local support services, facilitating access to these services and acting as a reliable resource person throughout the process
community level: partnerships with community groups public health, and local leaders, using clinical experience and research evidence to advocate for social change, getting involved in community needs assessment and health planning, community engagement, empowerment, and changing social norms

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24
Q

program planning

A

series of decisions, from general and strategic decisions to specific operational details, based on the gathering and analysis of a wide range of information

25
Q

implementation

A

putting plans into action (pilot, phase in, full scale -> this is our goal to get to but may not be where we start)

25
Q

evaluation

A

involves assessing the strengths and weaknesses of programs, policies, personnel, products, and organizations to improve their effectiveness
allows us to distinguish worthwhile programs from ineffective ones, launch new programs or revise existing programs

26
Q

building blocks of planning and evaluating

A
  1. engaging stakeholders
  2. theory
  3. planning models
27
Q

steps of planning

A
  1. engage the community
  2. assess needs and assets
  3. prioritize health issues (set goals and objectives)
  4. develop the plan ( select theory-based methods and strategies)
  5. implement and monitor plan
  6. evaluate program effectiveness
28
Q

components of solid planning commitee

A

strong objectives-> strong methods-> strong outcomes

29
Q

types of evaluations

A

process evaluation: monitoring the progress of implementation
summative evaluation: done to understand the “end products”

30
Q

key differences between the models

A

types of data, recommended sources, specific indicators
how and who to engage in the process
sophistication of the model and the length of time required, broad versus specific focus, lead organization that the tool or framework is focused toward

31
Q

CDC framework of evaluation

A

engage stakeholders, describe the program, focus the evaluation design, gather credible evidence, justify conclusions, ensure use and share lessons learned

32
Q

needs assessment

A

to assess actual and perceived needs
- helps us gain insight or determine necessary inputs
- inclusion of ‘assets’ to ensure the assessment is not deficit focused

33
Q

why we conduct needs assessments?

A

goal: identify and develop an effective plan to address the health needs (policy, program, intervention)

34
Q

community participation in needs assessment

A

when active participation occurs, people: learn better, are more likely to assume ownership and responsibility for resulting programs, are more likely to apply and maintain resulting programs

35
Q

public health surveillance

A

the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data

36
Q

types of public health surveillance

A

emotional, environmental, social, intellectual, physical, spiritual

37
Q

types of data collection methods

A

qualitative ( social reconnaissance, group processes, interviews, observations, photovoice, document review)
quantitative ( surveys, epidemiological indices, physiological measurements, etc

38
Q

health services research

A

multidisciplinary field of inquiry, both basic and applied, that examines access to, and the use, costs, quality, delivery, organization, financing, and outcomes of health care services to produce new knowledge about the structure, processes, and effects of health services for individuals and populations

39
Q

US healthcare expenditures and how they compare to other countries

A

US: 18% of GDP on health expenditure; US spends significantly more on healthcare compared to other countries

40
Q

components of US healthcare system

A

cost, quality, access; physicians, government, large employers, patients, insurance companies, administrators

41
Q

fragmented healthcare system

A

not centralized system (no control the healthcare system), multi-payers (government, insurance company), power balancing ( many interests groups in the market), litigation risk (risk of malpractice lawsuits), high technology (higher preference on using new technology)

42
Q

medicare

A

persons ages 65 and older, disabled individuals who are entitled to social security benefits and people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD); federal program; Part A (hospital insurance) covers inpatient services; Part B (supplementary medical insurance) covers physician visit or outpatient visits; Part D prescription drug; Part C (medicare advantage= part A + part B + part D) covers additional healthcare services

43
Q

medicaid

A

families with children receiving support under the TANF program, people receiving supplemental security income or children and pregnant women whose family income is at or below 133% of the FPL; finance healthcare services; medicaid expansion under the ACA-> legal US residents younger than age 65 with income up to 138% of the FPL; out of 50 state, 37 states adopted and 14 states did now

44
Q

affordable care act

A

individual mandate; medicaid expansion below 138% FPL; marketplace enrollment; prohibit denial of coverage due to pre-existing conditions
all US citizens are required to have health insurance or pay penalty; the expansion of medicaid eligibility to 138% of Federal Poverty Level; a service for purchasing health insurance; health insurance companies can’t refuse to cover or charge people more due to pre-existing conditions

45
Q

uninsured population and problems with access

A

cost is too high; lost job or changed employers; lost medicaid; status change; employer does not offer or ineligible for coverage; no need for health coverage

46
Q

health policy reforms under biden administration

A

end of covid-19 emergency declarations
medicaid continuous enrollment provision also ending
prescription drug previsions and Inflation reduction act: contained several provisions to lower the cost of prescription drugs

47
Q

managed care

A

a system of administrative controls intended to reduce costs through managing the utilization of health services

48
Q

co-payment

A

a modest fixed fee for each medical visit, charged to patients who have health insurance. remainder of bill is paid by the health insurance company or the managed care organization

49
Q

fee-for-service

A

in contrast with managed care, a method of paying for medical care in which each visit to a doctor or hospital and each procedure is billed and paid for separately

50
Q

community health centers

A

private, nonprofit organizations that directly or indirectly (through contracts and cooperative agreements) provide primary health services and related services to residents o a defined geographical area that is medically underserved

51
Q

rationing

A

allocation of goods in the face of scarcity. in medical care, rationing deliberately limits access to some services through tradeoffs between costs and benefits

52
Q

healthcare management

A

manages the business side of healthcare; allows providers to focus on the patient while they take care of the ‘paperwork’; works in a variety of health care setting and non-healthcare organizational settings

53
Q

common work environments for healthcare management

A

academic medical centers, ambulatory care facilities, consulting firms, healthcare associations, home health agencies, hospices, hospitals and hospital systems, integrated delivery systems, long-term care facilities, managed care organizations, medical group practices, mental health organizations, retail medical clinics, health insurers, public health depts, military and other gov orgs, university or research institutions

54
Q

specialties of healthcare management

A

health care operations, health care management- long term care, health care revenue cycle, healthcare policy and ethics, healthcare finance, health care strategic planning and marketing, health economics and public policy, healthcare law, supply-chain management, clinic (practice) management

55
Q

Models used to help integrate telehealth into the healthcare system

A

adopting hub-and-spoke deployment=small team was hub and each section, division, or practice was a spoke

56
Q

key organizational changes implemented to ensure the successful adoption of telehealth

A

policy
development and enactment; standardized
training, assessment, and certification;
leadership’s expectation of providers to
shift from in-person care to telehealth;
and the provision of resources necessary
to accomplish these changes.

57
Q

key categories and strategies to intervene on Social Determinants of Health

A

patient care-focused strategies: social risk-informed care, social risk-targeted care
community health strategies: financial resources, community partnerships

public health (3 decks)

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