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Health Assessment > Quiz 3 Concepts > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium and why is it double-walled>

A

it is a sac that surrounds and protects the heart
-it is double-walled to make it harder for things to hurt the heart

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2
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

the muscular wall of the heart, it is responsible for contraction of the heart

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3
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers

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4
Q

What is the flow of blood starting at the vena cava?

A

right atrium –> tricuspid valve–> right ventricle–> pulmonary valve–> pulmonary artery–>pulmonary vein–> left atrium–> mitral valve–> left ventricle–> aortic valve–> aorta

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5
Q

What does S2 indicate?

A

the closing of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves)
-this is the end of systole

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6
Q

Where is S2 heard the loudest?

A

the base of the heart

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7
Q

What does S1 indicate?

A

the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves
-heard the loudest at the apex

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8
Q

What occurs after the pacemaker is initiated?

A

the impulse travels to the atria to the AV node, it delays, and gives the atria time to contract

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9
Q

What gives information about the activity on the right side of the heart?

A

jugular veins, they reflect volume changes and filling pressures

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10
Q

With aging, what happens to the heart?

A

systolic pressure increase
no change in diastolic pressure

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11
Q

What occurs with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

A

it is shortness of breath that occurs at night, lying down increases blood volume and the weak heart can’t accomodate

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12
Q

How do you assess for significant risk factors of coronary artery disease?

A

assess serum cholesterol, elevated BP, blood glucose levels, diabetes, obesity,

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13
Q

What should auscultate if cardiovascular disease is suspected?

A

each carotid artery to listen for a bruit

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14
Q

How do you avoid compromising arterial blood to the brain?

A

palpate one carotid artery gently at a time, medially

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15
Q

How does heart failure affect the heart?

A

it decreases cardiac output and circulation becomes backed up bc the heart can’t pump it

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16
Q

What sound is associated with heart failure?

A

S3

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17
Q

Where is S4 heard and who does it occur in?

A

its heard at the end of diastole and ventricles resist filling, mainly occurs in older adults

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18
Q

How do you auscultate the carotid artery for bruits?

A

applying the bell of the stethoscope over the carotid artery at three levels
-the patient should breath, exhale, and briefly hold it

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19
Q

How does blood move through the veins?

A

contracting skeletal muscles to milk the blood toward the heart
pressure gradients
the valves

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20
Q

What would occur if skeletal muscle, valves, and lumen didn’t work?

A

venous stasis

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21
Q

What would occur if somebody stood or sat for a prolonged amount of time?

A

venous disease because they do not get the milking action that walking causes

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22
Q

What propels the flow of lymph?

A

contracting skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Where does lymph flow?

A

from the tissue spaces to the bloodstream

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24
Q

Where are the epitrochlear nodes located and what do they drain?

A

in the antecubital fossa and they drain the lower arm

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25
Q

Where are the inguinal nodes and what do they drain?

A

drain lymph in the lower extremities and they are located in the groin

26
Q

What happens to the peripheral blood vessels as aging occurs?

A

they become more rigid and cause a rise in systolic blood pressure (arteriosclerosis)

27
Q

What is intermittent claudication?

A

feels like a cramp

28
Q

What patient population is night leg pain common in and what does it indicate?

A

ischemic rest pain of peripheral arterial disease, common in aging adults

29
Q

If there are alterations in arterial circulation,what can occur?

A

pain that worsens with leg elevation and eases when the extremity is dangled

30
Q

What does a capillary refill time of 5 seconds indicate?

A

a decrease in capillary refill indicating vasoconstriction or decreased cardiac output

31
Q

What does a weak thready pulse indicate?

A

shock or peripheral artery disease, associated with decreased cardiac output and peripheral arterial disease

32
Q

What does unilateral coolness indicate?

A

arterial problems

33
Q

How does brawny edema appear?

A

as nonpitting edema and it feels hard to the touch

34
Q

What causes superficial varicose veins?

A

incompetent distant valves in the veins resulting in blood reflux and dilated veins

35
Q

Raynaud phenomenon

A

episodes of abrupt progressive tricolor changes of the fingers in response to cold, vibration, stress

36
Q

lymphedema

A

accumulation of lymph fluid in the interstitial spaces in the arm that may occur with breast cancer

37
Q

What does lymphedema look like in someone who has breast cancer?

A

unilateral swelling and nonpitting brawny edmea

38
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis and how does it present?

A

development of a clot in a deep vein, commonly in the legs
presents with swelling, pain, redness, and warmth

39
Q

Where do arterial ischemic ulcers occur and how are they characterized?

A

toes, metatarsal heads, heels, and lateral ankles
-pale, no bleeding, well defined edges

40
Q

What is held in the right upper quadrant?

A

liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of the pancreas, right kidney, adrenal gland

41
Q

What is held in the left upper quadrant

A

stomach, spleen, left lobe of the liver, body of the pancreas

42
Q

What is held in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?

A

cecum, appendix, right ureter, fallopian tube

43
Q

what is held in the left lower quadrant?

A

descending colon, left ureter, left ovary, fallopian tube

44
Q

What additional structures lie in the midline of the abdomen?

A

aorta, distended bladder, enlarged uterus

45
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

diffuculty swalloing

46
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

difficulty speaking

47
Q

When can you palpate a spleen?

A

if its 3x the normal size

48
Q

Contour

A

describes profile of the abdomen, describes nutritional state, ranges from flat to round

49
Q

Convex

A

curved, rounded, outward protrusion

50
Q

Hernia

A

protrusion of the abdominal viscera through an abnormal opening in the abdominal muscle wall

51
Q

What can cause diminished or absent bowel sounds?

A

paralytic ileus

52
Q

How long must you auscultate the abdomen before deciding that bowel sounds are absent?

A

5 minutes

53
Q

When should you examine any identified tender areas of the abdomen?

A

at the end of the assessment

54
Q

Why might decreasing gastric acid secretions cause pernicious anemia?

A

decreased gastric acid interferes with the absorption of vitamin B12

55
Q

Ascites

A

free fluid in the peritoneal cavity
occurs with heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, cancer

56
Q

How do you assess for an inflamed appendix?

A

obturator and iliopsas muscle tests

57
Q

What could rebound tenderness indicate?

A

peritoneal inflammation, cholecystitis

58
Q

What test determines that someone has cholecystitis?

A

pain occurs when palpating the liver because the descending liver pushes the inflamed gallbladder onto the examining hand (murphy test)

59
Q

How do peptic ulcers occur?

A

acid in the digestive tract erodes the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine
- can occur with frequent NSAID use, alcohol use, smoking

60
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute venous problems?

A

sudden onset pain in the calf that is warm, red, and swollen

61
Q

How do arterial symptoms present?

A

the pain begins with exertion and is relieved with rest or dangling, pale and cool skin
-pts. usually have a smoking history and diabetes

Health Assessment (5 decks)

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