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GIGU > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What accumulates in 11b-Hydroxylase deficiency?

A

11-Deoxycorticosterone

11-Deoxycortisol

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2
Q

What lowers body temperature during the pre-ovulatory follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

High estrogen levels

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3
Q

What are the two Galactopoietic hormones?

A

Prolactin

Cortisol

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4
Q

What three things do the granulosa cells eventually segregate into?

A

Cumulus Oophorous
Mural Granulosa Cells
Corona Radiata

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5
Q

What does Glyburide do?

A

Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues

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6
Q

What is a Galactopoietic hormone?

A

maintains milk production once established

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7
Q

What does the thinned capsularis fuse with to obliterate the uterine cavity?

A

Decidua Parietalis

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8
Q

What type of cells surround the seminiferous tubules?

A

Peritubular Myoid Cells

Leydig Cells in between tubules

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9
Q

What causes the Oocyte to undergo ovulation and enter the oviduct?

A

LH surge

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10
Q

When would you see elevated levels of cAMP in the menstrual cycle?

A

Prophase I arresrt

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11
Q

What brings large antra follicles out of their Prophase I arrest?

A

LH surge

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12
Q

What does LH stimulate Theca Lutein Cells to produce?

A

Androstenedione

Progesterone

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13
Q

What Syncytiotrophoblast protein is expressed in the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone?

A

3b-HSD

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14
Q

What cells would you find in the mucosal layer of the oviduct wall?

A

Ciliated Cells

Secretory Peg cells

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15
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein enter the fetus in order to bypass the liver?

A

Ductus Venosus that leads right to the IVC

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16
Q

what defines tertiary villi?

A

Mesenchymal cells forming fetal blood vessels

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17
Q

What supplies sympathetics two the pelvic viscera?

A

Hypogastric Plexuses via Visceral Afferents (not ANS)

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18
Q

What type of epithelium surrounds the primordial follicles?

A

Simple Squamous layer of follicular/pregranulosa cells

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19
Q

How do you decide which follicle becomes the dominant follicle?

A

The one with the most FSH receptors

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20
Q

What does the stratum vasculare supply?

A

Myometrium

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21
Q

What does the anmiochorionic membrane do?

A

Fuse with Capsularis

Adhere to Parietalis

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22
Q

What artery becomes the Femoral?

A

Eternal Iliac

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23
Q

Which layer of the endometrium is lost during menstruation?

A

Functional layer (basal stays intact)

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24
Q

What divides the chorion into cotyledons?

A

Placental Septa

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25
Q

What three regions give Internal Iliac Lymph Nodes their lymph?

A

Inferior Pelvic Viscera
Deep Perineum
Glutei

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26
Q

What three things dont cross the placenta?

A

Protein Hormones
Bacteria
Amino Acid Structured Drugs

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27
Q

What are the three main sites of prenatal hematopoiesis?

A

Yolk Sac
Liver
Bone Marrow

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28
Q

What indicates a change from a primordial follicle to a primary follicle?

A

The surrounding granulosa cells go from simple squamous to simple cuboidal

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29
Q

What raises body temperature during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

High Progesterone

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30
Q

What causes a primary oocyte to become secondary?

A

LH surge

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31
Q

What causes the effects of preeclampsia on the placenta?

A

Limited blood supply to the uterine arteries

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32
Q

How do steroids activating the mineralocorticoid receptor lead to hypertension?

A

They increase Na retention

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33
Q

What is the corpus lutem producing when its out of the luteal phase?

A

Progestins (but some estradiol)

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34
Q

What do the fetal organs of the MPF unit supply?

A

DHEAS and 16a-OH-DHEAS (weak androgens)

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35
Q

When would you see elevated levels of MAPK in the menstrual cycle, and when does it degrade?

A

Elevated in Metaphase II arrest, degrade with fertilization

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36
Q

What are sex-cord stromal cells derived from?

A

Stromal component of the ovary (granulosa and thecae cells, fibrocytes)

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37
Q

What type of cells do gestational choriocarcinoma come from?

A

Trophoblast cells

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38
Q

What is the Barker Hypothesis?

A

Obesity during pregnancy changes metabolic programming in utero

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39
Q

What conditions favor negative feedback for estrogens vs progestins?

A

Estrogens do negative feedback all the time

Progestins only do it at high concentrations

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40
Q

What synthesizes 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in the liver?

A

1-a Hydroxylase

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41
Q

Why does the secondary follicle secrete paracrine factors?

A

So local stroll cells can differentiate into thecal cells

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42
Q

What do sperm use their hyaluronidase to digest?

A

Hyaluronic acid in the Cumulus

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43
Q

What maintains the Right to Left shunt that is the Ductus Arteriosus?

A

PGE2 dilating the smooth muscle

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44
Q

What anchors the chorionic sac to the decidua basalis?

A

the Cytotrophoblastic shell, with vasculature passing through its gaps

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45
Q

What is the major product of the follicle in the follicular phase, and the luteum in the luteal phase?

A

Estradiol

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46
Q

What do the CT components of the endometrium come from?

A

Basal Stromal cells proliferating into the Zona Basalis

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47
Q

What is the difference in menstrual period length in a young patient vs an adult?

A

Adults’ are shorter, 21-35 days rather than 45

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48
Q

What is the Tunica Albuginea?

A

Dense CT Capsule of the Ovary, Testicle, or corpora cavernosa

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49
Q

What are the three components of the chorionic sac?

A

Cytotrophoblasts
Syncytiotrophoblasts
Extra-embryonic somatic Mesoderm

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50
Q

What is the result of the Ferguson reflex?

A

This refers to cervical distention, which stimulates oxytocin’s release of PGF2a in increasingly frequent bursts

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51
Q

Which menstrual phase is estrogen-dependent?

A

Proliferative Phase

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52
Q

What facilitates hatching of the embryo from the zona pellucid?

A

Trophoblasts secreting ZP-digesting Proteases

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53
Q

What stimulates fetal leydig cells to produce testosterone?

A

hCG (small amount from placenta0

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54
Q

What kind of epithelium is the ductus deferens?

A

Pseudostratified columnar wit sparse stereocilia

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55
Q

Where does the superior rectal vein send its tributaries?

A

Inferior Mesenteric V

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56
Q

What two things use passive exchange to transfer solutes between mother and fetus?

A 
Nitrogen Waste (urea, creatine)
Lipid Soluble Hormones
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57
Q

What two things does gCG serve as a growth factor for?

A

Trophoblasts and Placenta

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58
Q

Where is the decidua basalis relative to the decidua capsularis?

A

Basalis is deep to the conceptus, whereas the capsularis is superficial to the conceptus

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59
Q

How does estrogen oppose the action of progesterone on the myometrium?

A

Increases oxytocin receptors on it

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60
Q

Which type of villi actually do have vasculature?

A

Tertiary only

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61
Q

What keeps the mucosal layer of the vagina moist, since it doesn’t have any of its own glands?

A

Uterine / endocervical glands

Glands of Bartholin (vestibule)

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62
Q

What is the hallmark of Sertoli cells?

A

Cyclops Nucleus

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63
Q

Which part of the sperm contains mitochondria

A

Middle Piece of the Tail

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64
Q

What is the major product of thecal cells?

A

Androstenedione

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65
Q

What anchors granulosa cells to the Zona Pellucida?

A

Corona Radiata

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66
Q

What extra-embryonic tissue surrounds the umbilical vesicle?

A

Splanchnic Mesoderm

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67
Q

What two types of cells make up the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli and Spermatogenic cells

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68
Q

Where do incapacitated sperm bind?

A

Oviduct Isthmus epithelium

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69
Q

The transformation zone is the abrupt transition between the endo- and ectocervix. What is the histological composition?

A

Simple Columnar (endo) to Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous (etco)

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70
Q

What Zona Pellucida receptors do sperm have, and what are they for?

A

ZP3 - trigger the acrosome reaction

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71
Q

What is the significance of the Cortical Reaction?

A

Prevents Polyspermy

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72
Q

What does CRH act on?

A

The anterior pituitary, which releases ACTH onto the adrenals

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73
Q

What does Glyburide bind?

A

beta cell ATP/K receptors

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74
Q

Where do Common Iliac LN drain?

A

Lumbar nodes

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75
Q

What does the fetal part of the placenta project into?

A

Intervillous space

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76
Q

What are the glycoprotein and Ca-rich concentrations found in the prostate?

A

Corpora Amylacea

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77
Q

How does metformin act on the liver?

A

Inhibits Gluconeogenesis and Glucose Absorption

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78
Q

What anchors the primary oocyte to the follicle?

A

Cumulus Oophorous

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79
Q

What is the function of the theca internal vs externa?

A

Interna produces Androstenedione (to Estradiol)

Externa has Fibroblasts and Smooth Muscle

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80
Q

What does the Mediastinum Testis come from?

A

Thickened posterior portion of Tunica Albuginea surrounding the nut.

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81
Q

In twins, what stage of cleavage would have to occur to have Diamniotic and Monochorionic membranes?

A

Blastocyst (4 - 8 days)

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82
Q

What other molecule can bind LH receptors for Progesterone production?

A

hCG

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83
Q

What causes Ciliated cells and Secretory Peg cells to increase in size?

A

Estrogen Signaling

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84
Q

What must the Pelvic Nerve sub-Plexus penetrate through in order to provide parasympathetics for an erection?

A

Pelvic Diaphragm

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85
Q

Appearance of what marks the first stage of placental development?

A

Primary chorionic villi

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86
Q

Where does a stigma protrude from?

A

Pre-ovulatory follicle surface

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87
Q

What type of cells are found within the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium of the epididymis?

A

Principle cells and their stem cells

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88
Q

What are the two Galactokinetic hormones?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

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89
Q

Why would you want to inhibit DA when suckling?

A

So that lactotrophs are no longer inhibited and can release prolactin for milk production

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90
Q

How is LH positive feedback temporarily reduced during Ovulation / Leutinization?

A

LH surge inhibits aromatase

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91
Q

What do you get with two sperm fertilizing a normal ovum?

A

A partial Hydatidiform Mole
Triploid or Tetraploid karyotype
Fetal tissue commonly found

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92
Q

What does the liver-specific vitamin D enzyme do?

A

25-Hydroxylase: converts D3 to 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol

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93
Q

What is the fate of post-ovulation mural granulosa cells?

A

Becomes part of the corpus luteum as Granulosa Lutein Cells

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94
Q

How do Nabothian Cysts form?

A

Occlusion and dilation of cervical crypts

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95
Q

What can rescue the corpus luteum from becoming the corpus albicans?

A

hCG

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96
Q

Where do inhibins act?

A

AP gonadotrophs

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97
Q

What does the endocervix canal allow communication with?

A

Cervix to the uterine cavity and vagina

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98
Q

What layer of the endometrium contains the spiral arteries?

A

the outer, Functionalis layer

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99
Q

Where do the External Iliac Lymph nodes get their lymph form?

A

Inguinal Nodes

Upper middle to anterior Pelvic Organs

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100
Q

What are Mullerian epithelial cells from?

A

The outer epithelial lining of the ovary

101
Q

When is the period of rapid renal function maturation?

A

3rd trimester

102
Q

What do amnioblasts need to separate from so they can enclose the developing amniotic cavity/

A

Epiblast

103
Q

What secretes glycoproteins ZP1 - ZP4?

A

Primary Follicle

104
Q

What stimulates completion of Meiosis II of the egg?

A

Ca++ release breaking down MAPK proteins, also releasing the second polar body

105
Q

Where do Sacral LN drain?

A

Internal or Common Iliac Nodes

106
Q

What is the significance of estrogen up regulating oxytocin receptors in the decidual tissue?

A

this stimulates prostaglandin PGF2a synthesis which favors delivery

107
Q

What component of the developing embryo is pluripotent and which is totipotent?

A

Blastomeres: Totipotent

Inner Cell Mass: Pluripotent

108
Q

What supplies parasympathetics to the pelvic viscera and GI tract starting at the descending colon?

A

Pelvic Splanchnic Ns

109
Q

What segment of the arcuate arteries supples the Basal layer of the Endometrium?

A

Straight Segment

110
Q

When is functional development of the renal system complete?

A

1 month of age

111
Q

What does preventing Corpus Luteum involution lead to?

A

Prevention of menstruation

Increased Progesterone and Estrogen

112
Q

What effect does suckling-stimulated oxytocin have?

A

Allows myoepithelial cells to let milk down

113
Q

How long does a newborn rely on maternal Abs for immunity?

A

6 months, with a return to normal on its own in 12-20 months

114
Q

What is the most common site of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Oviduct (ampulla and isthmus)

115
Q

What does LH and FSH affect before and after ovulation for the production of estrogens and progestins?

A

Before: Theca and Granulosa Cells
After: Corpus Luteum

116
Q

What kind of epithelium is the mucosal layer of the vagina?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

117
Q

Pelvic sub-plexuses are always associated with the lateral rectum and inferolateral urinary bladder. What do they supply exclusively to males and females though?

A

Males: Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Erectile Tissues
Females: Cervix and Lateral Fornices

118
Q

Where is the Izumo protein and receptor?

A

Sperm protein binding to Oocyte receptor for entrance into oocyte

119
Q

Where do Sacral Lymph Nodes get their Lymph?

A

Posterior Inferior Pelvic Viscera

120
Q

What does the trophoblast give rise to?

A

Extra-embryonic tissue

121
Q

What is the Theca Externa continuous with?

A

Ovarian Stroma

122
Q

Where does 1-a Hydroxylase act to convert 25-D to the active 1,25-D?

A

Kidney

123
Q

What class of Pregestational Diabetes is associated with Nephropathy?

A

F

124
Q

How do ovarian cysts manifest clinically?

A

High Testosterone and LH

Low FSH

125
Q

What menstrual phase do glands have a “saw-tooth” appearance?

A

Secretory Phase

126
Q

What is the effect of CRH stimulating fetoplacental estrogen release (via ACTH)?

A

It further increases myometrial contractility

127
Q

What is the functional unit of the placenta?

A

Chorionic Villi

128
Q

What are the two parts of the placenta from?

A

Fetal part is from the chorionic sac (outermost part)

Maternal part is from the endometrium

129
Q

What does Estradiol induce?

A

GnRH, leading to more FSH and the LH surge

130
Q

How does glucose transfer between fetus and mother?

A

Facilitated diffusion

131
Q

What phase of cell division are primary oocytes arrested in?

A

Meiosis I Prophase I

132
Q

Where do the Superior Gluteal Veins send their Tributaries?

A

Internal Iliac V (the largest ones, at least)

133
Q

What defines secondary villi?

A

Mesenchyme cells from extra-embryonic mesoderm invading villi / chorionic membrane

134
Q

What two hormones are made by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH / Vasopressin

135
Q

What does the mother supply in the Maternal Placental Fetal Unit of endocrine function?

A

Cholesterol

136
Q

How do the Lateral Sacral Veins make sure that they reach the IVC or SVC?

A

Anastamose with the Internal Vertebral Plexus

137
Q

What type of spermatogonia enter meiotic prophase as Primary Spermatocytes?

A

Type B

138
Q

What promotes myometrial relaxation vs contractility in pregnancy?

A

Progesterone is relaxing

Estrogen increases contractility

139
Q

What receptor does aldosterone (and many other steroids) bind?

A

Mineralocorticoid Receptor

140
Q

What parts of the antral follicle are responsive to what hormones?

A

Theca Interna - LH

Granulosa - FSH and LH

141
Q

What is the role of the Decidual reaction in the endometrium during pregnancy?

A

Immune protection for the embryo

Moderation of syncytiotrophoblast invasion

142
Q

How does PGF2a potentiate oxytocin-induced contractions?

A

Formation of gap junctions

143
Q

Which part of the placenta contains maternal blood?

A

Fetal part

144
Q

What kind of spermatids are in Sertoli cell niches vs apical crypts?

A

Round (Early) Spermatids: Niches

Elongated (Late) Spermatids: Apical Crypts

145
Q

What do lutein cells secrete to suppress FSH?

A

Inhibin A

146
Q

What are the 4 extra-embryonic structures?

A

Amnion
Umbilical Vesicle
Connecting Stalk
Chorionic Sac

147
Q

What regulates P450scc / Desmolase?

A

ACTH

148
Q

What happens to syncitiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts to cause Placentation?

A

They proliferate to lacunae (primary villi)

149
Q

What does the hypothalamus use to affect Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs in the HPO axis?

A

GnRH

150
Q

What explains the High levels of LH and FSH after menopause?

A

Low estrogen means low inhibin - so it cant provide negative feedback on LH and FSH

151
Q

What two things does hCG do?

A

Prevents involution of the corpus luteum

Autocrine growth factor

152
Q

Where are mucosal folds most prominent and where are they absent?

A

Most prominent in the Ampulla

Absent in the Uterine part

153
Q

What signified the beginning of embryonic development?

A

Fusion of pronuclei, which initiates the first embryonic cleavage

154
Q

What three structures are supplied by the coccygeal plexus?

A

Coccygeus m.
Part of Levator Ani m.
Sacrococcygeal joint

155
Q

What is the result of 17,20-Lyase activity on both 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone and -Pregenenolone?

A

-Progesterone is converted to Androstenedione directly
-Pregenolone is first converted to DEAH
Both result in more Testosterone in the ZR

156
Q

What stimulates endometrial growth?

A

Estrogen

157
Q

What does Estrogen do to syncytiotrophoblasts?

A

Increases LDL receptor expression

158
Q

What effect does the sudden drop of temperature have on the newly delivered baby?

A

Stimulates breathing

159
Q

What class of Pregestational Diabetes is associated with Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease?

A

H

160
Q

In twins, what stage of cleavage would have to occur to have Diamniotic and Dichorionic membranes?

A

2 - 8 cell stage

161
Q

What does the Anterior Internal Iliac a. use to supply the bladder with blood?

A

Umbilical A

162
Q

What function of the HPO axis promotes the LH surge?

A

Switching to positive feedback regulation toward the end of the follicular phase

163
Q

What is the core and covering made from in a primary villus?

A

Cytotrophoblast core

covered with syncytiotrophoblasts

164
Q

What are the chromosomes of Turners Syndrome?

A

One X

165
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast secrete to increase invasion?

A

Metalloproteinases

Angiogenic Factors

166
Q

Why is fetal blood shunted to the left via the foramen ovale?

A

to supply the carotid artery and brain

167
Q

What does the Coiled Segment of the Arcuate a. Supply?

A

Functional layer of the Endometrium

168
Q

What three layers must the sperm penetrate to reach fertilization?

A

Cumulus
Zona PEllucida
Oocyte PM

169
Q

In twins, what stage of cleavage would have to occur to have Monoamniotic and Monochorionic membranes?

A

Implanted (9 - 12 days)

170
Q

What produces ACTH for P450scc regulation?

A

Adrenal Glands

171
Q

What structures are lost for mature spermatids to be released in spermiation?

A

Residual Bodies

172
Q

What three major nutritional needs are met with breastmilk?

A

Vitamin C
iron
Ca / Vit D

173
Q

What triggers deciduation?

A

Maternal Stromal Cells responding to Invasion and Progesterone

174
Q

Where would you have estrogen up regulate oxytocin receptors for smooth muscle contraction?

A

Uterine myometrium

175
Q

What separates the primary oocyte from granulosa cells?

A

Zona Pellucida

176
Q

Where does the ampulla of the ductus deferens lead?

A

Directly into the prostate

177
Q

What condition leads to the formation of the Corpus Albicans?

A

Lack of fertilization and Involution of the Corpus Luteum

178
Q

What four nerves of the sacral plexus pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Sciatic (obvs)
Pudendal
Superior and Inferior Gluteal Ns

179
Q

What type of epithelium is found in seminal vesicles?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

180
Q

How does FSH use the ovaries to regulate itself?

A

Stimulates the ovaries to produce inhibins (or activins)

181
Q

What is the fate of the amnion?

A

Obliterates chorionic cavity

forms epithelial covering of umbilical cord

182
Q

What type of epithelium is ovarian surface epi?

A

Simple Cuboidal

183
Q

What stimulates Granulosa Lutein cells to secrete Progesterone and Estrogen?

A

FSH and LH

184
Q

What two things secrete hCG?

A

Trophoblasts

Syncytiotrophoblasts

185
Q

What is the function of the Zona Pellucida developing on the secondary follicle?

A

Provides binding sites for sperm

186
Q

What is the difference between Class A1 and Class A2 Gestational Diabetes?

A

A2 is controlled with diet like A1, but also includes Glyburide or Insulin

187
Q

What causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Aortic BP overtaking pulmonary BP:

Oxygenated blood and falling PG levels cause vasoconstriction

188
Q

What three things use active transport as an exchange mechanism between mother and fetus?

A

Amino Acids
Vitamins
Minerals

189
Q

What characterizes the placenta of a woman with preeclampsia?

A

Poor trophoblastic invasion

190
Q

What does the embryoblast become following implantation?

A

Bilaminar Embryonic Disc

191
Q

What does PTH do in vitamin D synthesis?

A

Directs the conversion of 25-D to 1,25-D

192
Q

What examples of Large molecules would use Receptor Mediated Endocytosis for exchange between fetus and mother?

A

Hormones like insulin
LDL
Abs

193
Q

What part of the ovary houses the follicles?

A

Cortex / cortical stroma

194
Q

What is the role of the trophectoderm in the blastocyst?

A

Increases Na transport and osmosis to form a blastocele

195
Q

What happens to body temperature if pregnancy does not occur?

A

It drops with the onset of the next menstruation

196
Q

What is the result of the amniotic sac growing faster than the chorionic sac?

A

They fuse to become the amniochorionic membrane

197
Q

What structure doe the Testicular Veins pass through to get to the nuts?

A

Deep Inguinal Ring

198
Q

What does progesterone do in the secretory part of the uterine cycle?

A

Differentiates stroll cells into predecidual cells

199
Q

What defines the apposition stage of implantation?

A

Contact between endometrium and trophoblasts

200
Q

How can 11B-hydroxylase deficiency give you hypertension, even though it decreases cortisol?

A

11-Deoxycorticosterone that builds up has a high affinity for MR too

201
Q

What does the Theca Interna use to create Androstenedione?

A

Acetate and Cholesterol

202
Q

What two structures does the Middle Rectal A. supply, besides the obvious?

A

Seminal Vesicles

Prostate

203
Q

What is released from the hypothalamus in response to low cortisol levels?

A

Cortocotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

204
Q

What is the trophoblast and amnion lined with?

A

Extra-embryonic Somatic Mesoderm

205
Q

What do the distal ends of the ductus deferens form?

A

Ejaculatory ducts

206
Q

What is the significance of decidualization in the attachment phase of fertilization?

A

It makes the endometrium ready for embryo implatation

207
Q

When is polar body 2 extruded?

A

At fertilization, when Meiosis II resumes

208
Q

What structure reaches through the basement membrane and into the endometrial stroma in the invasion phase of fertilization?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

209
Q

What phase of cell division are Secondary Oocytes arrested in?

A

Meiosis II metaphase II

210
Q

What maintains meiotic arrest until the LH surge?

A

Elevated cAMP

211
Q

What is the hallmark of the vaginal wall?

A

Lacks glands

212
Q

What villi form the villous chorion?

A

Decidua basalis

213
Q

What does hPL convert glucose to in the mother?

A

Fatty acids and ketones

214
Q

What does the placenta use to slow down blood flow and allow for greater nutrient exchange?

A

Discharge of blood into the intervillous space

215
Q

What do you get with fertilization of two sperm on a blighted ovum, and duplication of a single sperm?

A

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

216
Q

What serum levels are elevated in Turner Syndrome because of ovarian failure?

A

FSH

217
Q

What do decidual cells do?

A

Orchestrate menstruation in the absence of pregnancy

218
Q

What three fetal organs does the placenta function as?

A

Gut (nutrients)
Lung
kidney

219
Q

What two precursors can you make vitamin D3 from?

A

Dietary D2

Skin 7-Dehydrocholesterol (UV)

220
Q

Why is a partial or complete absence of the decidua a problem in Placenta Accrete?

A

Causes the villus chorion to adhere directly to the myometrium, meaning no placental separation at birth

221
Q

What joins the ductus deferens in penetration of the prostate to form the ejaculatory ducts?

A

Seminal Vesicles

222
Q

What would you expect PGF2a and PGE2 to do with a pregnancy?

A

These are prostaglandins: induce labor

223
Q

What inhibits GnRH?

A

Gonadotropins

224
Q

What type of mole has elevated blood hCG?

A

Invasive

225
Q

What accumulates in 21-Hydroxylase deficiency?

A

Progesterone

17-HydroxyProgesterone

226
Q

What gene encodes the enzyme with both 17a-Hydroxylase and 17,20-Lyase activity?

A

CYP17A1 (aka 17,20-Lyase)

227
Q

What is the hallmark of the primary follicle development into a secondary follicle?

A

Vascularization

228
Q

What is the maternal part of the placenta made from?

A

Decidua Baslis (endometrium deep to conceptus)

229
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bulbourethral glands?

A

Simple Columnar

230
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the ectocervix?

A

Stratified squamous

231
Q

How does CRH directly promote myometrial contractions?

A

By sensitizing the uterus to Prostaglandins and Oxytocin

232
Q

What is the relationship between the egg activation and sperm DNA?

A

Activates as sperm DNA condenses

233
Q

Why inhibit GnRH production when suckling?

A

Decreasing downstream LH and FSH will inhibit the ovarian cycle

234
Q

How does CRH from the placenta up regulate itself?

A

By stimulating fetal ACTH, the cortisol it produces stimulates more CRH release

235
Q

What do the ovarian products of the HPO axis affect?

A

Positive and Negative on both Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary

236
Q

What type of epithelium is in the epididymis?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

237
Q

What Syncytiotrophoblast protein is expressed in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone?

A

CYP11A1

238
Q

What disease is associated with excess aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex?

A

Conn Syndrome

239
Q

What does estrogen induce that causes strong myometrial contractions?

A

Prostaglandins

240
Q

What fetal organs contribute to the MPF unit?

A

Adrenal Glands

Liver

241
Q

What class of Pregestational Diabetes is associated with Retinopathy?

A

R

242
Q

What are the three branches of the Posterior Internal Iliac A?

A

Iliolumbar
Lateral Sacral As
Superior Gluteal a.

243
Q

What do Mural Granulosa Cells secrete?

A

Estrogen and Follicular Fluid

244
Q

What two distinct cell types are required for estradiol production?

A

Follicle: Theca and Granulosa cells

Corpus Luteum: Theca-Lutein and Granulosa-Lutein

245
Q

When and where would you see a Glassy Membrane?

A

Surrounding a follicle undergoing apoptosis / atresia

246
Q

What is the fate of Theca Interna Cells following ovulation?

A

They become Theca Lutein Cells (part of corpus luteum)

247
Q

What would you expect a prostaglandin antagonist to do with a pregnancy?

A

Induce labor at any time

248
Q

What kind of epithelium is in cervical crypts?

A

Simple Columnar

GIGU (3 decks)

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