Quiz #3

Question 1

What is Explicit memory?

Answer 1

Conscious and intentional recollection of event or information.

Question 2

How is Explicit Memory measured?

Answer 2

Measured through R & R

Recall and Recognition

Question 3

Examples of Explicit Memory?

Answer 3

Formulas for a Math problem
History Facts
Personal History

Question 4

What is Explicit Memory related to?

Answer 4

Declarative Memory

Question 5

What is Implicit Memory?

Answer 5

The unconscious retention of information or events that can affect current thoughts and actions.

Question 6

How is Implicit Memory measured?

Answer 6

Measured through P & R

Priming and Relearning

Question 7

What are some examples of Implicit Memory?

Answer 7

When information is given to you and you unconsciously remember without having any recall of it - like singing a popular song you always listen to - swinging a bat - or driving a car.

Question 8

Implicit Memory is related to what?

Answer 8

Procedural Memory

Question 9

In the Video the old man with brain damage showed what signs?

Answer 9

Signs of NO - Explicit Memory as he failed to R & R which is Recall and Recognition of the animal story test or remember any of their names or remember they had seen him hundreds of times. Could not hold a conversation for a long time.

Signs of YES - Implicit Memory as he show measurable signs of P & R which is Priming and Relearning. Where he would bring them into the house faster or have some familiarity towards their face - and was more and more friendly towards them. He could also remember what he did for work and would often repeat it

Question 10

How do you EVALUATE Long Term Memory?

Answer 10

By recognizing and Measuring Explicit Memory (R & R) & Implicit Memory (P & R)

Question 11

What are some COMPONENTS of Long Term Memory?

Answer 11

Declarative Memory (R &R) recall and recognition   
and Procedural Memory (P & R) priming and relearning

Question 12

What is Declarative Memory?

Answer 12

Declarative Memory is the recollection and recall of facts, rules, concepts (basketball), and events.

Question 13

What is Declarative Memories “quote on quote” catch phrase?

Answer 13

“Knowing What/That”

Question 14

What is Procedural Memory?

Answer 14

The priming or relearning memory of preforming tasks, action, skill.

Question 15

What is the Procedural Memory “quote on quote” catch phrase?

Answer 15

“Knowing How”

Question 16

Examples of Procedural Memory

Answer 16

Singing a popular song after hearing the first notes

Walking down a familiar neighborhood

Question 17

What is a test they used on a patient who could not recall memory due to brain damage to test his Procedural Memory?

What measure did they use?

What were the results?

Answer 17

The Mirror Drawing Task

1st - day struggled but got better with practice
2nd - day Increased his skill (even with no recognition)
3rd - day had minimal errors Increased the most

showed his procedural memory was still high
measured by Priming and Relearning of the task

Question 18

What is a fun fact about Declarative Memories and Procedural Memories?

What is the fun fact called?

And does it apply to ALL - and HOW is it achieved?

List some examples

Answer 18

Declarative can transform into Procedural

It happens through “Automaticity”

NO it ONLY HAPPENS TO “SOME”
and
HOW? - through “PRACTICE”

Examples: Speaking in another language or driving

Question 19

What are the Types of Declarative Memory?

Answer 19

Semantic Memory - facts, rules, concepts of the world that are known and shared with everyone around you

AND

Episodic Memory - personal events, not shared with everyone

Question 20

What is Semantic Memory?

Answer 20

memories of general knowledge about the world. This includes facts, rules, concepts about the world.

Question 21

Explain Semantic Memory in usually what?

Answer 21

SHARED with people around you aka common sense almost. Like the sky is blue. Or how to play basketball, obey laws.

Question 22

Examples of Semantic Memory

Answer 22

General Knowledge: sky is blue
Facts: we breath oxygen
Rules: Do not cross red lights
Concepts: understanding Basketball game is played

Question 23

What is Episodic Memory?

Answer 23

autobiographical memories of events experienced by a person and the context of how these events occurred. This includes flashbulb memories.

Question 24

Explain Episodic Memory in usually what?

Explain Why?

Answer 24

NOT SHARED with the people around you

Why?
Everyone is going to have a DIFFERENT ANSWER based on their Episodic Memory based on their OWN LIFE
Usually tied with EMOTIONAL MEMORIES OR EVENTS
They are Personal Events that have their own context or meaning by the person who experienced them

Question 25

What are some Examples of Episodic Memories?

Answer 25

What was your 1st trip to Disneyland like?

What did you eat for Breakfast this morning?

Question 26

What do they link with Episodic Memory?

Answer 26

Flashbulb Memory

Question 27

What is the name of the Task used to measure or according to the slides “Investigate” Semantic Memory?

Answer 27

It is called the - “Sentence Verification Task”

Question 28

What is the Sentence Verification Task ?

and

What how does it measure semantic memory?

Answer 28

A task where SENTENCES appear on a screen ONE AT A TIME and participants must QUICKLY judge if the sentences are TRUE OR FALSE

They MEASURE Semantic Memory
by logging the “RT & ER” REACTION TIME and ERROR RATE of their Performance

Question 29

What does the Sentence Verification Task “TAP AT” ?

Answer 29

Taps at - Explicit Memory (Long Term)
AND
(CCP) Controlled Cognitive Process

Question 30

What do we know about the ORGANIZATION within Semantic Memory or MEMORY IN GENREAL?
AND
What did the Professor use as an image to represent this?
AND
What are the Key Concepts?

Answer 30

ORGANIZATION of the Semantic Memory OR MEMORY IN GENERAL is…..
“HIERARCHICAL NETWORK OF CONCEPTS” linked with the —> “SEMANTIC NETWORK” - basically a organize network of concepts that begins BROAD and goes down to DETAIL.
AND
Professor used a “Web” that connected an “Animal” which was a bird to its different forms like “Feathers, Breathes, Skin, Fly, Robin, Canary, Yellow”
AND
It connects the animal/bird by using 5 Key Concepts which is the
1 - Semantic Network.
2 - Node.
3. Proposition
4. Cognitive Economy
5. Inheritance

Question 31

What is a Semantic Network?
AND
What is an Example?

Answer 31

An hierarchical network that has interrelated set of concepts or body of knowledge.
AND
Example - Broad categories of information, like “animal”, are subdivided into narrower categories, like “bird” and “fish”, which in turn are subdivided into still narrower categories.

Question 32

What does the Sentence Verification Task show?
AND
What does it mean that Semantic Memory has a “Hierarchical Network of Concepts”?

Answer 32

It means that when we measure our “RT & ER” REACTION TIME and ERROR RATE in the Sentence Verification Task we have a “Higher Score” when we are questioned with two variable that “HAVE SIMILAR FEATURES” OR “ ARE CLOSER IN THE (Web) SEMANTIC NETWORK”
Example: Robin is a Bird?; True or False? Fast Response
Dolphin is a Mammal?; True or False? Slow Response
AND
What does it mean that Semantic Memory has a “Hierarchical Network of Concepts”? - basically means that your brain processing hierarchy starts with Semantic Categories like “Broad Categories - like Animal” and “breaks it down” by Subdividing into Detailed Categories - like Bird or Fish.

Question 33

What is a Node?
AND
What are some examples?

Answer 33

A node is a point or location in the network (web) representing a concept, property, or feature.
AND
an EXAMPLE of a Node would be THE CIRCLES in the Web the professor used such as “Red Breast” “Robin” “Bird” “Fly” “Animal” Etc…. Categories & Sub-Categories

Question 34

A Node is compared to what “in the Brain” ?

Answer 34

A Neuron

Question 35

What is a Proposition?
AND
What is an Example?

Answer 35

a Proposition is the relationship between two concepts
AND
an EXAMPLE is in the Web by the professor where the “Red Breast” node is “RELATED” to the “Robin” node

Question 36

What is a Cognitive Economy?
AND
List an Example:

Answer 36

only non-redundant facts are stored in memory

• which is saying ONLY NECESSARY FACTS ARE STORED IN MEMORY
• You can “RE-USE” the same INFO in different instances.

AND

an EXAMPLE: basic understanding that if you’re learning about a “New Bird” you know it has feathers & that it can fly.

Question 37

What is Inheritance? 
and
list an Example
and
what is its relationship with cognitive economy?

Answer 37

Members of a category possess or inherit the properties of the category itself.
And
an Example: learning about a “New Bird” you know it has feathers & that it can fly.
and
cognitive economy exist because of inheritance of features in animals - like both robins and canary’s have feathers and fly

Question 38

In what Task Measure was the reaction times increased based on the distance of nodes on a semantic network?
AND
What does the distance of nodes on a semantic network mean?
What is an Example of this?

Answer 38

in the Sentence Verification Task it was
measured in “RT & ER” Reaction Time and Error Rate
AND
During the Sentence Verification Task the –> Semantic Network will deliver a faster “RT” Reaction Time and accurate “ER” Error Rate if the “DISTANCE” between Nodes - Categories are CLOSER together

• Property Sentences - like Sing –> Fly –> Skin
  take LONGER “RT” Reaction Time THAN Category Sentences - like Canary –> Bird –> Animal

-side fact: reaction time slows down even if its distance within the same category - example below
- an EXAMPLE:
Category Sentence - canary –> bird –> animal
- “a Canary is a Canary”= Small Distance = Fast RT & ER
- “a Canary is a Bird”= move up one node (distance) WILL COST REACTION TIME

Question 39

Property Sentences - like Sing –> Fly –> Skin
take LONGER “RT” Reaction Time THAN Category Sentences - like Canary –> Bird –> Animal = TRUE/FALSE?

what task was this in ?

and what network is this ?

Answer 39

TRUE

Sentence Verification Task

Semantic Memory Network

Question 40

What are the 2 Sets of Representational Assumptions in The Semantic Network ?

Answer 40

1. PROPOSITIONAL Representation of MEANING

2. ANALOGICAL Representation of MEANING

Question 41

What is the PROPOSITIONAL Representation of MEANING?
AND
Give an example

Answer 41

The meaning of a concept is based on its category membership, properties and features.
basically saying….
The idea that in order to LABEL something we FIRST AGREE ON ITS FEATURES (CATEGORIES -PROPERTIES) and give it a “dictionary definition”
AND
an EXAMPLE - would be labeling a Cat - we would define its features (4 legs, whiskers, meows) categories (feline) and then LABEL IT

Question 42

Does the PROPOSITIONAL Representation of Meaning have another view on it?
What is it not tied to?
AND
list an Example:

Answer 42

YES; a Philosophical view where we have proper labels for items in this world.
“Dictionary Definitions”
The features will then equal a concept; a canvas with paint and an image on it = painting
AND
Meaning is not tied to Sensory modality (vision, hearing, words) it is tied with its features
AND
an EXAMPLE is in a “PAINTING” we can see a Cat that is Painted and someone says “that is a Cat” —that IS NOT TRUE — it is NOT A REAL CAT it is its features which is a canvas with paint therefore = A PAINTING.

Not based on (Sensory Modality) Vision or Words but the features define the category of the item

Question 43

What is in the context of a PROPOSITIONAL representation of meaning?
AND
List an Example:

Answer 43

(a) visual imagery is like a description,
- Example: Carnivore, Torso, Limbs, Size XL = a Bear

(b) there is a sequential representation, and
- Basically: you have to AGREE ON ITS FEATURES BEFORE LABELING IT

(c) there are explicit representation of relations between concepts
- Basically: the concept is very clear that when you have the FEATURES LISTED it REPRESENTS A BEAR.
- Example: When people describe something you can guess what it is. Learned association over time.