Quiz 3 Flashcards
instruments for implementing transportation policy
- public ownership
- subsidies
- regulatory control
- Research and development
- Labor regulations
- safety & operating standards
transport policy/ planning
Difference: Policy tries to make decisions about the allocation of transport resources. Planning is their effective implementation.
Similarity: the first step is problem definition, the second is clarifying objectives, the last is evaluation. Both have ex-ante and ex-post assessment.
the difficulty of freight security
illegal immigrants
drug smuggling
custom duty evasion
piracy
deployment of sub-standard vessels
large number of ports, vast fleet of global shipping, the range of products carried in vessels, hard to detect issues
ICT: personal, C2B, B2B
Personal: more interactions through additional mediums
C2B: online retailing transaction, parcels
B2B: businesses transact more effectively, changes in their transport operations
transport technical performance indicators
- passenger/freight density: passenger-km/km; standard measure of transport efficiency
- mean distance traveled: passenger-km/passenger; measure ground covering capacity of network
- mean per capita ton output: tons/population; measure relative performance
- mean number of trips per capita: passengers/population; measure relative performance
- mean utilization coefficient: number of passengers aboard/total capacity; measure ridership, containerization of freight
transport economic performance indicators
- output/capital: measure capital productivity of a mode
- output/labor: productivity for labor input
- capital/labor: measure which factor predominates within the relationship between capital and labor productivity
- total factor productivity: input-output analyses, productivity assessment (portion of output not explained by labor input and capital input)
management and ownership relationships
- horizontally linked global corporations: acquire and merge similar operating companies
- vertically integrated corporations: acquire and merge to control several segments of the transport chain
- intermediaries: provide global transport services but do not own infrastructure
- alliances: informal groupings of transport providers that offer joint services between major global markets
role of geographers
- contemporary transport operates: at a wider scale, more complex interactions between scales
- multidisciplinary, need quantitative skills
- GIS-T is useful
- data mining and management
global trends toward urbanization (outcome of three demographic trends)
increasing proportion of population living in urban
outcome of three trends: natural increase, rural to urban migrations, international migration
urban form, spatial structure, transportation
urban form is the spatial imprint of an urban transport system and the adjacent physical infrastructures.
spatial structure is the set of relationships arising from the urban form and its underlying interactions of people, freight, and info.
The elements of the urban transport system (modes, infrastructures, users) have a spatial imprint that shapes the urban form. The system is also represented by its spatial interactions that denote urban spatial structure.
relationship between land use and transport
Retroactive feedback system between activity patterns and accessibility. They influence each other just like the “chicken” and “egg” problem.
Scale effect that large infrastructure programs precede and trigger land use changes while small ones complement existing land use.
The linkages generated by people’s activity system (routine, institutional, and production activities) shape the urban land use patterns. Planning restrictions also affect it.
urban land use models
- central places and concentric land use: von Thunen model
- concentric urban land use: Burgess model
- polycentric and zonal land use: sector and mutiple nuclei models
- hybrid model
- land use market: land rent theory
- dynamic urban development: cellular automata
hybrid model
consider the concentric effects of the central place, and the radial effects of the transport axis. can explain the evolution of the urban spatial structure.
- pre-industrial: concentric land use with strong distance-decay
- streetcar: sector development along streetcar lines.
- bicycle: concentric with less distance-decay
- automobile: concentric with low distance decay
- highway: concentric and emergence of sub-centers (nodes) along major road intersections
Von thunen’s regional land use model
the most productive activity (gardening, milk)or the ones with the highest transport costs (firewood) will compete for the closest land to the market (the central place)
burgess model
commuting distance from CBD creates 6 concentric circles. The further from the CBD, the better housing quality and longer commuting.
CBD - industrial - transition - residential for working class - higher quality houses - high class/expensive housing
sector and multiple nuclei model
influence of transport axis, and multiple nuclei on land use and growth
both consider the emerging impacts of motorization and transportation infrastructure (terminal)
nuclei model is the first to show urban fragmentation, specialized functions, and suburbanization
land rent theory
explain land use as a market where urban activities compete for the optimal location (optimal accessibility). Land use is the outcome of the rent-paying ability. overlay the bid rent curves will create a concentric land use pattern.
CBD - industry/commercial - apartments - single housing
challenged by structural modifications of contemporary cities:
- downtown is not necessarily the most accessible location
- ICT makes several activities more tolerant to distance
- the government takes over land near the central areas
dependency on the automobile
the dependency is linked with spatial structure. Low dependency (transportation alternatives are available) shapes high centrality and high density
Factors:
- increase in pop, trip length and #
- decrease in vehicle occupancy, public transit
- consumer choices and underpricing
- planning and investment
Indicators:
- vehicle ownership
- commuting trip share
- per capita motor vehicle mileage
- cultural system that promotes freedom
the vicious cycle of congestion
congestion, pressure to increase capacity, investment and new capacity, lower friction to mobility that people would trade more space for a similar amount of time, urban sprawl, increased length and number of trips, congestion
Break: urban pop and economic growth stabilize, lifestyles and preference change, alternatives are more readily available.
chanllgens in piblic transit
- decentralization (sprawl): the suburban areas with lower densities cannot be efficiently serviced
- fixity
- connectivity: hard to transfer from one system to another.
- automobile competion
- construction and maintenance costs
- fare structures
city logistics
the means over which freight distribution can take place in urban areas, and the strategies that can improve its overall efficiency while mitigating externalities such as congestion and emissions.
impacts of transportation on environment
direct impact: the immediate consequence, the cause and effect relationships are generally clear and well understood. e.g. noise, carbon monoxide emissions
indirect impact: the secondary (tertiary) effects. Often higher consequences but the relations are often misunderstood and hard to establish. e.g. particulates from incomplete combustion linked with respiratory problems.
cumulative impact: the additive, multiplicative, or synergetic consequences. Take into account the varied effects of direct and indirect impacts. Often unpredicted. e.g. climate change
energy consumed by different modes
- land: 85% of the total energy used by the transport system in developed countries. rail transport is more efficient and accounts for 6% of global energy demand
- maritime: 7%, low compared to its contribution to the freight mobility
- air: 8%. high consumption levels, linkd to high speeds, technological innovations have improved efficiency.
energy consumed by type of movement
- freight: 60 - 70% energy consumption. Private car is dominant but has poor energetic performance due to growing prices and regulations
- freight: dominated by rail and maritime, the two most efficient modes. Coastal and inland waterways too.
peak oil
the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production is expected to enter terminal decline.
alternative fuels advantages
- biodiesel: renewable, degradable, reduced air emissions
- electricity: zero tailpipe emissions, widely available
- hydrogen: zero tailpipe emissions
- hybrid: increased fuel economy, reduced pollution, good range and performance
alternative fuels disadvantages
- large capital investments in distribution facilities
- lower efficiency than gasoline and require a greater volume of onboard storage
- comparative costs of alternative energy to fossil fuels are higher in transportation sector than other economic activities
- some produced from non-renewable sources.
- high costs of vehicles
sustainable develpoment in transpration
- achieve economic efficiency: cost-effective, and adaptive to changing demands. fair pricing strategy.
- address environmental issues: reduce the impacts on environment, and wastes should be reduced, reused, and recycled
- upgrading standards of living and quality of life: safe, not impairing health, minimize disturbance on communities. Principles: access and quality
planning for impacts of extreme events
disasters risk management
- risk assessment: low to high probability of an event over a defined time and an area, and its potential impacts
- preparedness: e.g. warehousing, the positioning of the relief material, training the labor force in emergency situations
- mitigation: immediate reaction to the event. control and attenuate the disruptions, e.g. evacuate populations, shut down the transport system
- response: after mitigation, maintain operational as many elements as possible
- recovery: recover the transport capacity that was lost during the disaster. bring back the level of service to pre-disaster conditions. e.g. repair, restart, investment to improve
