Quiz 1

Question 1

space-time convergence

Answer 1

decline in travel time between locations. It investigates the changing rela bt sp/time, and the impacts of transportation improvements on such rela.

• outcome of innovations in transport and telecommunications*
  e. g. negative because fewer hours traveled. if positive value, divergence.

Question 2

derived demand

Answer 2

direct: movements that are directly the outcome of economic activities, without which they would not take place.

e.g. supply of work in residence area, demand of labor in workplace, transportation (commuting) being directly derived from this rela.

indirect: movements created by the requirements of other movements.

e.g. fuel consumption. warehousing (as it is a “non movement” of a freight element).

Question 3

atomization & massification

Answer 3

atomization: the smallest load unit that can be effectively transported. e.g. person, parcel

massification: the growing capacity to move load units in a single trip. e.g. moving units in batches or containership.

Rela: paradoxical. individuals prefer the convenience of atomization. But, carriers favor massification and the economies of scale it grants.

Question 4

representation of distance (3)

Answer 4

Euclidian: represent distance as a simple function of a straight line between two locations. expressed in geographical units.

Transport: ​Logistical

Question 5

representation of distance (transport dis)

Answer 5

accounts for the existing structure of transport network. expressed in geo units, cost, and time.

In one-mode form, it is a routing exercise considering the shortest path between two points;

in more complex form, it concerns the set of physical activities related to transportation. e.g. pickup, transshipment, load/unload, delivery.

air travel: require going to an airport, transit through hub airport.

Question 6

representation of distance (logistical dis)

Answer 6

encompasses all the tasks required so that a movement between two locations can take place. includes physical flows and activities necessary to manage these flows.

e. g. order processing, packing + mode 1 distance + transshipment, sorting, warehousing + mode 2 + delivery, inventory management, unpacking.
* air travel: check-in time, security check, boarding, pick up luggage.*

Question 7

Transportability

Answer 7

The ease of a movement of a passenger or a unit of freight.

• High trans requires limited efforts, low requires complexity and high costs.
• It relates to transport cost, the attributes of what is being transported, political factors (tax, tariffs)
• 4 Factors influencing it: weight; storage, fragility, perishability.

Question 8

networks (node, edge)

Answer 8

the framework of routes within a system of locations (nodes)

edge: a route between two nodes. can be tangible (roads, rails) or less tangible (air, sea corridors)

Question 9

point-to-point vs hub-and-spoke network

Answer 9

ptp: the most directly connected network. A service originates and ends in a single location. It connects a set of locations directly without interruption of services (pickup or dropoff).
hubspoke: connects every location through one intermediary location. allows a greater flexibiliy within the transport system by concentrating flows. but also vulnerable at hub.

Question 10

network continuity

Answer 10

To have a spatial continuity (link locations) in a network, three necessary conditions:

1. Ubiquity: the possibility to reach any location from any other, providing a general access.
   * some networks are continuous,* roads, can be accessed at any location; some are discrete, rail, can only be accessed at specific locations (terminals)
2. Fractionalization: the possibility for a passenger/freight to be transported without depending on a group. it becomes a balance bt the price advantages of economies of scale and the convenience of a dedicated service.
3. Instantaneity: the possibility to undertake transportation at the desired or most convenient moment. The more fractionalized the system is, the more likely instantaneity can be met.

Question 11

rela between three conditions to continuity

Answer 11

never perfectly met. some modes fulfill better.

• automobile* is the most flexible and ubiquitous mode for passengers, but has important constraints of capacity.
• public transit is more cost efficient, but has limited instantaneity and implies batch movement.*

discontinuity cause: spatial distribution of economic acti, ( urban tend to agglomerate); congestion.

Question 12

landbridges: functions; variations

Answer 12

provide a level on continuity between maritime and long distance inland transport networks.

1. mini: using a landmass as a link in a transport chain involving a foreign origin and a destination at the end of the landmass.
2. micro: …….. an inland destination.
3. reverse: reaching an inland destination through a maritime detour by using the closet maritime facade instead of the landbridge.

Question 13

strategic maritime passages

Answer 13

The Panama Canal,

The Suez Canal,

The Strait of Malacca,

The Strait of Hormuz

Question 14

containerization

Answer 14

the increasing and generalized use of the container as a support for freight transportation,

It is the driver to intermodal transportation as it permits easy handling between system. (most atomized, exhibit massification)

Question 15

scales of spatial organization

Answer 15

1. global: gateways and hubs; air and maritime routes; investment, trade & production.
2. regional: nodes: metropolitan areas; corridors(rail lines, highways, canals); urban system and hinterland
3. local: employment and commercial acti; roads and transit systems; commuting and distribution

Question 16

centripetal, centrifugal forces (forming poles)

Answer 16

petal: the outcome of factors promoting the efficiency and competitiveness of economic acti. incite the attractiveness of a pole. Drive of concentration.
include: market size (economies of scale)

labor market

external economies linked with agglomeration (similar inputs and outputs)

Question 17

centripetal, centrifugal forces (forming poles)

Answer 17

the outcome of factors undermine the competitiveness of some activities. Incite economic activities to seek alternatives.

Include: immobile factors (land, resources)

land rent (high prices)

external diseconomies (congestion)

Question 18

centripetal, centrifugal forces (role of tranportation)

Answer 18

it supports centrifugal and centripetal forces at the same time.

can be centripetal (favor convergence) in a cluster as it enhances the accessibility to the cluster and can have a wider distribution system (esp the cluster has an intermodal facility such as a port).

can be centrifugal if the supplementary costs imposed by a longer distance from major markets are compensated by savings in production factors. In this case, transportation can incite relocation away from the cluster.

Question 19

agglomeration and growth poles

Answer 19

agglomeration: clustering effects. The benefits derived from locating in proximity to other activities. It involves sharing common infrastructure. e,g. commercial districts, shopping districts.

economic growth is not uniform in a region but takes place around a pole.

Transportation, esp terminals ( favor the agglomeration of related acti in their proximity) can unbalance regional economy around growth pole. It is also a factor of accessiblity that reinforces the importance of poles.

Question 20

central place theory

Answer 20

central has the main function to supply good and service to the surrounding population.

The market area is the summation of consumers traveling to the central place.

The theory tries to find the rela between the size, the number, and the geo distribution of cities in a region

transportation is very important in such a representation as the organization of central places is based on minimizing he friction of distance.

Question 21

attraction zones; employment zones

Answer 21

Ares to which a majority of the pop travels for varied reasons, e.g. shopping, education, leisure.

the automobile transport makes the employment zones farther away from residential zones. commuting trips become lengthier and larger number.

Question 22

gateways and hubs

Answer 22

Gateway. A location offering accessibility to a large circulation system of freight and passengers.

Hub. A central point for the collection, sorting, transshipment and distribution of goods for a particular area.

Question 23

corridors

Answer 23

an accumulation of flows and infrastructures of various modes with their development linked with economic, infrastructural and technological processes. (prone to congestion as large amount of flows).

along corridors, we have high specialization and interdependence because there are many interchange

Question 24

functional, formal corridors

Answer 24

Formal corridors: constructs that try to expand the planning and investment framework of public and private actors along them.

Functional corridors. an existing structure of flows along some infrastructure. The corridor is thus an operational reality.

The most structured corridors are obviously those that combine formal and functional characteristics.

Question 25

economic sectors

Answer 25

1. Primary (e.g., mining, farming): factor environmental endowments, (e.g. natural resources; access to raw material.) Rarely close to markets. The capacity to transport raw materials plays a significant role
2. Secondary (e.g., manufacturing): Location is an important cost factor and the general purpose is usually to minimize it (access to & cost of labor, suppliers)
3. Tertiary (e.g., retail service): market proximity, maximize sales revenues
4. Quarternary economic activities (e.g., financial sector, research): Knowledge/service economy, least tied to location, but often relate to the high technology sector

Question 26

specialization

Answer 26

Improvements in transportation and communication favor a process of geographical specialization that increases productivity and spatial interactions.

A region will thus tend to specialize in the production of goods and services for which it has the greatest advantages (or the least disadvantages) compared to other regions as long as appropriate transport is available for trade.

the key is the difference between the transport costs and the production costs of a product.

(specialization could be realized by the formation of a hub); but also vulnerable. E.g. terrorism attack, natural disaster .

Question 27

just-in-time delivery

Answer 27

the convergence of manufacturing and logistics that relies on freight transport ( trucking and containers)

It involves the delivery of a component just before the assembly line requires it.

Pro: reduces the inventory held at warehouses; a more productive form of supply chain management

Con: increases the inventory in circulation; Freight forwarders must respect tighter delivery schedules; Vulnerable to delays and disruptions.

*Relies on third party (logistic) units to transport as the companies want to be flexible.

Question 28

mobility gap

Answer 28

mobility gaps between different pop groups.

prevalent for long distance travel

car ownership is a factor

Question 29

transport costs

Answer 29

fixed (infrastructure) and variable (operating) costs.

The higher the level of massification of the units, the lower the transport costs.

Three types:

• terminal: loading, transshipment, unloading
• linehaul: function of distance
• capital: physical assets

Question 30

friction of distance functions (4)

Answer 30

The friction of space represents how many units of distance can be traded per unit of cost.

1. no effect (telephone call)
2. linear effects: costs increase proportionally to distance. fuel consumption.
3. non-linear: costs grow in a non-linear fashion. empty back-hauls. international air transportation costs are not usually much higher than regional, as long-haul planes have more capacity and fuel efficiency.
4. intermodal transport chain: a combination of linehaul and terminal costs. transshipment costs at terminals increase the friction of distance (loading,unloading efforts)

Question 31

International Commercial Terms (Incoterms)

Answer 31

pre-defined commercial terms that are used to define the transport component, the share of costs and risks for international commercial transactions.

goal: simplify transactions; clearly identify the respective responsibilities.
* Facilitating transaction capacity which is required for trade. They provide a consistent framework* of the expected transport services to be provided, removes uncertainty. (transferability is required for trade, and spatial interaction)

Question 32

supply and demand

Answer 32

supply: The capacity of transportation infrastructures and modes, generally over a transport system and time. expressed in terms of infrastructures (capacity), services (frequency) and networks (coverage).
demand: Transport needs, even if those needs are satisfied, fully, partially or not at all.

Transport supply and demand have a reciprocal but asymmetric relation. While a realized transport demand cannot take place without a corresponding level of transport supply, a transport supply can exist without a corresponding transport demand. e.g. infrastructure projects that are designed with a capacity fulfilling an expected demand level, which may or may not materialize.

Question 33

emergence and characteristics of cruise industry

Answer 33

Cruise ships tend to have a low draft since they do not carry cargo. This confers the advantage of being able to access a large number of ports and therefore multiplying itinerary options. Cruise ports tend to be located close to either city centers (cultural and commercial amenities) or to natural amenities (e.g. a protected beach).

1. Supply push strategy of cruise operators as they aim at “creating” demand simply by providing new capacity (ships) and finding customers to fill them.
2. Offer itineraries where the whole is essentially greater than the sums of its parts.
3. Expand and capture revenue streams by offering on board goods and services as well as shore-based excursions.
4. Adapt to seasonal and fundamental changes

Cruise industry appears fundamentally to be driven by supply, it is likely that supply saturation, as opposed to demand saturation, will constrain future developments.

Question 34

GIS-T

Answer 34

the principles and applications of applying geographic information technologies to transportation problems.

components: encoding, management, analysis, reporting

Question 35

object-based (vector) versus field-based (raster) GIS data

Answer 35

1. treats geographic space as populated by discrete and identifiable objects. points, lines, and/or polygons.
2. treats geographic space as populated by real-world features that vary continuously over space. regular tessellations (e.g., a raster grid) or irregular tessellations (e.g., TIN).

Question 36

spatial interaction = flow = realized movement (know necessary conditions)

Answer 36

A realized movement of people, freight or information between an origin and a destination. It is a transport demand / supply relationship expressed over a geographical space.

1. Complementarity. There must be a supply and a demand between the interacting locations.
2. Intervening opportunity (lack of). Refers to a location that may offer a better alternative as a point of origin or as a point of destination. For instance, in order to have an interaction of a customer to a store, there must not be a closer store that offers a similar array of goods.
3. Transferability. Transport infrastructures (modes and terminals) must be present to support an interaction between A and B. Also, these infrastructures must have a capacity and availability.

Question 37

gravity model

Answer 37

1. Gravity model. Measures interactions between all the possible location pairs. The attraction between two objects is proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to their respective distance.
2. Potential model. Measures interactions between one location and every other location. (how one location has the potential to have interaction with other locations)., similar to gravity that have separation/distance in the denominator, but does not produce a reciprocal relationship between locations.

Question 38

market area analysis (threshold, range)

Answer 38

1. Minimum demand necessary to support an economic activity such as a service.
2. The maximum distance each unit of demand is willing to travel to reach a service or the maximum distance a product can be shipped to a customer.

To be profitable, a market must have a range higher than its threshold.

Question 39

historical geo in trnas

Answer 39

pre-industrial era (pre 1800s)

industrial revolution (1800-1870)

fordism (1880-1970)

post-fordism (1970-)

Question 40

pre-industrial era

Answer 40

waterways most efficient

majority trade are local

no urban system but a set of self-sufficient economic systems

Question 41

industrial revolution

Answer 41

• massive modifications of the transport system in two major phases (canal, railways)
• bottleneck transport problems
• steam engine
• specialization of transportation services; large distribution networks of raw materials

Question 42

Fordism

Answer 42

1. economies of scale improved transportation capacity
2. internal combustion engine made vehicles faster and more comfortable
3. diffusion of the automobile
4. use of oil
5. telephone

Question 43

Post-Fordism

Answer 43

1. telecommunication
2. globalization of trade
3. more efficient distribution system (containers, logistics)
4. air transportation (just in time delivery)
5. fragmentation of production
6. massification and network development