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BCS 152-Language and Psycholinguistics > Quiz #3 > Flashcards

Quiz #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Recursion

A

Used to create infinite sentences, keep adding info to a simple sentence

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2
Q

Repetition

A

Used to create infinite sentences, repeating certain words

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3
Q

Generative grammar

A

A system of rules that can generate all the grammatical sentences of a language

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4
Q

Open class

A

Content words

-Nouns, verbs, adj, adv

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5
Q

Closed class

A

Function words

-Determiner, prepositions, conj, pronoun

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6
Q

Intransitive verb

A

Verb takes no object (lie, sleep)

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7
Q

Transitive verb

A

Verb takes one object (hug, kick)

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8
Q

Ditransitive verb

A

Verb takes two objects (give, put)

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9
Q

Ditransitive double object (DO) example

A

“I gave my friend the book”

VP–> V NP NP

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10
Q

Ditransitive prepositional object (PO) example

A

“I gave the book to my friend”

VP–> V NP PP

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11
Q

Agent

A

Instigator of an action (corresponding to subject, usually animate)

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12
Q

Theme

A

The thing that has a particular location or change of location

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13
Q

Recipient

A

The person receiving the theme

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14
Q

Location

A

Where the theme is

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15
Q

Source

A

Where the theme is coming from

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16
Q

Goal

A

Where the theme is moving to

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17
Q

Time

A

Time of the event

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18
Q

Instrument

A

The thing used in causing the event

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19
Q

Argument structure

A

Thematic relation a verb is required to have

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20
Q

Globally ambiguous

A

Entire sentence has two possible structures (ex: “The boy saw the detective with the telescope”)

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21
Q

Temporally ambiguous

A

Point in sentence where two structures are possible, but full sentence only has one possible structure (ex: “The soldiers warned about the dangers…”)

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22
Q

Garden-path sentence

A

Grammatically correct sentence that starts in a way reader’s will interpret as incorrect, lured into parse that ends in dead end or yields unintended meaning

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23
Q

What info do comprehenders use to make parses? (2)

A
  1. Syntax-first theories: use only syntactic cues to construct parse
  2. Constraint-based theories: use all available info to figure out parse***
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24
Q

How many parses do comprehenders consider? (2)

A
  1. Serial processing: one at a time

2. Parallel processing: more than one

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25
Q

Two-Stage Model (Garden Path Model)

A
  • Serial and syntax first
  • Comprehenders always construct simplest parse
  • Only revise if they get later conflicting syntactic info
26
Q

Minimal attachment

A
  • Rule for constructing the simplest parse

- When a new phrase comes in, attach it so that you have to create the fewest number of new nodes as possible

27
Q

Construct 2 versions of GP sentence

A
  1. Ambiguous

2. Unambiguous (use “that”)

28
Q

Late closure

A

Input should attach to the phrase that is currently being processed

29
Q

Lexical biases

A

GP effect completely goes away, evidence against 2 stage model (ex: The landmine buried in the sand exploded”)

30
Q

Expectation-based syntactic comprehension

A

The processing difficulty of a word in a sentence is proportional to how probable it is given the prior context

31
Q

Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar (PCFG)

A

Like phrase structure rules, but with probabilities attached to them

32
Q

N-gram models

A

n-gram = n words
bigram(2): P(fell | barn)
trigram(3): P(fell | the barn)
…

33
Q

Distance from subject to verb

A

As RC gets longer, processing the verb will be harder because it’s farther form the subject

34
Q

Inrementality

A

In speech production, we plan as we go along

35
Q

Egocentric production

A

Speakers only say what is easiest for production, regardless of how easy it is for comprehension (evidence supports this)

36
Q

Audience design

A

Speakers take their listener into account during production and try to reduce ambiguity

37
Q

What is linguistically involved in comprehension? (4)

A
  1. Parsing
  2. Solving ambiguity
  3. Finding reference
  4. Inference
38
Q

Paradigms in studying processing and comprehension (3)

A
  1. Self-paced reading
  2. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
  3. Sentence completion
39
Q

What is cognitively involved in comprehension? (3)

A
  1. Perception
  2. Attention
  3. Long-term memory
40
Q

Inferring from nonsense

A
  • Semantics>Syntax

- Top-down process

41
Q

Types of inference (3)

A
  1. Logical (ex: “My students are smart and diligent”)
  2. Bridging (backward) (ex; “Peter was drunk. Red Sox defeated Dodgers and won the World Series”)
  3. Elaborative
42
Q

Representative speech act

A

Speaker is conveying their belief that a statement is true

43
Q

Directive speech act

A

Speaker is trying to get the listener to do something

44
Q

Commissive speech act

A

Speaker commits themselves to a future action

45
Q

Declarative speech act

A

Speaker brings about a new state of affairs (ex: marrying people)

46
Q

Expressive speech act

A

Speaker wishes to reveal his or her psychological state

47
Q

Locutionary Force

A

What the sentence literally means

48
Q

Illocutionary Force

A

What the speaker is trying to do with the sentence

49
Q

Perlocutionary Force

A

The effect the sentence actually has on the listener

50
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of how we understand language beyond the literal meaning

51
Q

Politeness Theory

A

We all have a public face, use indirect requests to reduce conflict and tension

52
Q

Gricean Maxims (4)

A
  1. Quality- truth
  2. Quantity
  3. Relevance
  4. Manner-clear ways
53
Q

Implicature

A

Truth of one suggests the truth of the other, can be cancelled

54
Q

Entailment

A

Something that follows logically

55
Q

Presupposition

A

Assumption

56
Q

S Family Test

A

Way to determine presuppositions

  • Negation
  • Question
  • Embedding under modals (might, could, should)
  • Embedding under conditional (if-clause)
57
Q

Conventional implicature

A

Typical implicatures triggered by specific words

58
Q

Conversational/ad-hoc implicature

A

Sentence causes an implicature in a specific context (ex: blue square, green circle, green square and only given word “green”)

59
Q

Prosody

A

Stress and intonation patterns-can change meaning of sentence

60
Q

Common ground

A

Mutual beliefs and knowledge shared between people

BCS 152-Language and Psycholinguistics (5 decks)

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