Final Exam

Question 1

2 ways to create infinite sentences

Answer 1

1. Recursion-adding to sentence

2. Repetition of words

Question 2

Generative Grammar

Answer 2

System of rules that can generate all the grammatical sentences of a language

Question 3

Content words (open class)

Answer 3

Noun, verb, adjective, adverb

Question 4

Function words (closed class)

Answer 4

Determiner, preposition, conjunction, pronoun

Question 5

Intransitive verb

Answer 5

Verb takes no object (ex: lie, sleep)

Question 6

Transitive verb

Answer 6

Verb takes one object (ex: hug, kick)

Question 7

Ditransitive verb

Answer 7

Verb takes two objects (ex: give, put)

Question 8

Thematic Relations (8)

Answer 8

• Agent
• Theme
• Recipient
• Location
• Source
• Goal
• Time
• Instrument

Question 9

Deep structure

Answer 9

Abstract representation

Question 10

Surface structure

Answer 10

Forms of sentences from transformation

Question 11

Syntax-first theories

Answer 11

Use only syntactic cues to construct parse

Question 12

Constraint-based theories

Answer 12

Use all available info to figure out parse

Question 13

Two-Stage Model (AKA Garden Path Model)

Answer 13

• Serial and syntax-first

- Comprehenders always construct the simplest parse and only revise if conflicting syntactic info

Question 14

Good-Enough Processing

Answer 14

Comprehenders reject right analysis if it doesn’t seem plausible

Question 15

Expectation-Based Comprehension Theory

Answer 15

The less probable the structure, the more costly it is to re-rank your parse hypotheses, explains lack of GP effect

Question 16

Principle of Immediate Mention

Answer 16

Production is more efficient if quickly selected lemmas can be mentioned

Question 17

Types of Speech Acts (5)

Answer 17

1. Representative
2. Directive
3. Commissive
4. Declarative
5. Expressive

Question 18

Locutionary Force

Answer 18

What the sentence literally means

Question 19

Illocutionary Force

Answer 19

What the speaker is trying to do with the sentence

Question 20

Perlocutionary Force

Answer 20

The effect the sentence actually has on the listener

Question 21

Gricean Maxims (4)

Answer 21

1. Quality-truth
2. Quantity
3. Relevance
4. Manner-clarity

Question 22

Implicature

Answer 22

What is suggested in an utterance, but isn’t expressed nor strictly implied, can be cancelled (conventional or conversational/ad-hoc)

Question 23

Entailment

Answer 23

Relationship between two sentences where the truth of one requires the truth of the other

Question 24

Presupposition

Answer 24

Assumed beforehand

Question 25

General audience design

Answer 25

Atypical instruments mentioned more often

Question 26

Specific audience design

Answer 26

Occurs late (subsequent clause mention)

Question 27

Chomsky’s view of acquisition

Answer 27

Poverty of Stimulus

• Quantity
• Quality

Question 28

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Answer 28

Universal Grammar, innate predisposition, mental capacity

Question 29

Optimality Theory

Answer 29

Observed forms of language arise from the optimal satisfaction of conflicting constraints

Question 30

Prelocutionary (birth-10 months)

Answer 30

Signal not specialized for communication

Question 31

Illocutionary (10-12 months)

Answer 31

Awareness of communication, means to achieve a goal, still lacking rich locutionary content

Question 32

Locutionary (12 months and onward)

Answer 32

Developing linguistic content and sound-object mapping, may be accompanied by gestures

Question 33

Commonalities between pidgin and L1

Answer 33

• Simplified output

- For presumably efficient communication

Question 34

Differences between pidgin and L1

Answer 34

Pidgin influenced by speakers’ L1, both phonologically, lexically, syntactically

Question 35

Speech Learning Model (Jim Flege)

Answer 35

• Phonetic similarity between L1 and L2 sound categories
• Formation of new sound categories
• New, similar, same
• Focus primarily on production

Question 36

Perceptual Assimilation Model (Cathy Best)

Answer 36

Primarily on perception of phonemic contrasts

Question 37

N400

Answer 37

Semantic anomaly, last word either semantically congruent or incongruent for context (ex: waterfall)

Question 38

P600

Answer 38

Syntactic anomaly, garden path effect, elicited by hearing or reading grammatical errors or other syntactic anomalies

Question 39

Mismatch Negativity (MMN)

Answer 39

Detection of change, occurs when there is an odd stimulus in a sequence of stimuli