Quiz #1

Question 1

What is linguistics?

Answer 1

Scientific study of language

Question 2

What is psycholinguistics?

Answer 2

Study of psychological processes involved in language. They study understanding, producing, and remembering language

Question 3

Phonetics

Answer 3

Physical properties of speech sounds, relates to perception and production of speech sounds

Question 4

Subfields of phonetics (3)

Answer 4

1. Acoustic
2. Articulatory
3. Auditory

Question 5

Consonants can be described by

Answer 5

Place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing

Question 6

Place of articulation

Answer 6

Bilabial [b], labiodental [f], alveolar [t], post-alveolar [sh], palatal [y], velar [k], uvular [ng]

Question 7

Manner of articulation

Answer 7

Stops [b], nasals [m], fricatives [f], affricatives [ch], liquids [l], glide [w], flap (“tt” in latter)

Question 8

How can consonants and vowels be distinguished?

Answer 8

Degree of constriction in vocal tract, syllabic or not

Question 9

How are vowels arranged on chart?

Answer 9

In approximation to tongue positions (front to back) and closed mouth to open

Question 10

Are consonants (and vowels) voice or voiceless?

Answer 10

Consonants: can be both
Vowels: voiced

Question 11

How are the IPA symbols organized on the chart?

Answer 11

Horizontal: place of articulation
Vertical: manner of articulation

Question 12

Phonology

Answer 12

Language-specific inventory of meaning-contrastive sound

Question 13

Phoneme

Answer 13

Denoted by //, abstract unit, underlying form of sound realizations, contrast meanings

Question 14

Phone

Answer 14

Denoted by [], actual speech sound, surface realization of phonemes –> concrete

Question 15

Allophone

Answer 15

Different phones that are understood as the same phoneme (ex: [pʰ] and [p] are of /p/)

Question 16

Minimal pair

Answer 16

Two words differing just by one sound

Question 17

What are design features of language?

Answer 17

Attempt to define language, emphasis on spoken language, may be used as set of criteria to compare human lang to animal communication

Question 18

Vocal-auditory channel

Answer 18

Transmission of speech signal from speaker to hearer

Question 19

Broadcast transmission and directional reception

Answer 19

Signal sent out in all directions by speaker but listener can localize the signal in space

Question 20

Rapid fading

Answer 20

Speech signal is not long-lasting and instead is transitory

Question 21

Interchangeability

Answer 21

A competent language user can be both a speaker and also a receiver

Question 22

Complete feedback

Answer 22

Speakers can get auditory feedback from their own productions

Question 23

Specialization

Answer 23

Function of signal doesn’t change regardless of how it is produced (ex: whisper)-specialized for communication

Question 24

Semanticity

Answer 24

Meaning of signal comes from its association with objects and events

Question 25

Arbitrariness

Answer 25

Meaning associated between signal and object/event is arbitrary

Question 26

Is there anything in human language that is not arbitrary?

Answer 26

Onomatopoeia

Question 27

Discreteness

Answer 27

Language is made up of discrete units (phonemes, morphemes, syntactic constitutes)

Question 28

Displacement

Answer 28

We can talk about things in the past or future and in different spaces

Question 29

Openness

Answer 29

Invention of new messages

Question 30

Tradition

Answer 30

Language can be taught and learned

Question 31

Duality of patterning

Answer 31

Combination of sounds or words into larger units

Question 32

Similarities between animal communication and human language

Answer 32

Rely on symbolic representation, smaller communication elements combines to create complex messages

Question 33

Differences between animal communication and human language

Answer 33

• Bee dance: mostly non-arbitrary

- Human language: mostly arbitrary

Question 34

Potential problems in animal communication

Answer 34

Researcher over-interprets animals’ signal, Clever Hans effect

Question 35

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Linguistic determinism

Answer 35

The form of our language influences how we think, remember, and perceive

Question 36

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Linguistic relativism

Answer 36

Different languages generate different cognitive structures

Question 37

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: strong version

Answer 37

Language determines thought

Question 38

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: weaker version

Answer 38

Language affects only perception

Question 39

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: weakest version

Answer 39

The influence of language is “task-dependent”

Question 40

Vygotsky

Answer 40

• Speech not attached to speech at beginning (thinking is non-verbal)
• Speech becomes connected to thought after age 3
• Cognitive development influenced by language
• Egocentric speech as a tool to develop thinking; becomes internalized at later stage

Question 41

Piaget

Answer 41

• Cognitive development preceded learning
• Egocentric speech: thinking aloud; reflects immature socialization
• Thought determines language

Question 42

Speech production processes (Levelt)

Answer 42

Conceptualization–> formulation–> articulation

Question 43

Garret’s model of speech production

Answer 43

Message level–> functional level–> positional level–> sound level–> articulatory instructions

Question 44

Freudian slip

Answer 44

Slips of the tongue as a reflection of our repressed thoughts

Question 45

Cognitive intrusion errors: non-plan internal errors

Answer 45

Evidence of influence from high-level processing

Question 46

Cognitive intrusion errors: environmental contamination

Answer 46

Errors resulting from the (distracting) input in the surroundings, usually phonologically driven errors