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Astronomy 129 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what planet is similar to the moon

A
  • mercury because it has the same evolution, accretion, differentiation, and slowness
  • has craters
  • and old lava flows
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2
Q

Mercurys days

A

long days due to tidal effects from sun

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3
Q

mercury temperature contrast

A

very cold at night and extremely hot during the days

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4
Q

what is Mercurys AU

A

one third of earths

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5
Q

describe Mercurys structure (layers, exterior etc)

A
  • large iron core, similar to earths
  • has the largest crater in the solar system called calories basm and caused weird terrain on opposite side of the planet
  • light colored plains unlike the moon
  • ice in craters on the poles
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6
Q

what is Venus’ AU

A

.73 of earths

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7
Q

describe the rotation and revolution of Venus

A
  • the day is longer than the year

- only planet that rotates backwards due to impact

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8
Q

describe the make up of Venus ( layers, terrain etc)

A
  • same density as earths ( sister planet to earth)
  • covered with clouds composed of small droplets
  • has 92 atmospheres
  • due to clouds, only 5 degree difference from day to night
  • rapid circulation in atmosphere causing the moving of heat all over the planet
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9
Q

green house effect on Venus

A
  • a million times the CO2 that we have

- very hot, 900 degrees

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10
Q

how can we see past the clouds of venus

A

with radio waves

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11
Q

water on Venus?

A

-no evidence of any lakes or rivers
- volcanos are everywhere
-no erosion of rocks
-little evidence of plate tectonics
has strange stretch marks from lava bubbling under the crust

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12
Q

corone and arachnids

A
  • stretch marks on Venus caused by lava flowing under crust

- called this because they look like spider legs

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13
Q

does Venus have a magnetic field

A

no, and its puzzling to astronomers

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14
Q

evolution of Venus (weird)

A
  • the planet turned itself inside out
  • recoating the entire surface
  • wee see this by evaluating new vs old craters
  • theory: crust is thick, build up heat inside, and then turns over
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15
Q

why is mars red?

A

due to rust, iron mxed with something

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16
Q

what planets/ moons have polar caps

A

mars, earth and triton

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17
Q

mars media controversy

A
  • wallstreet journal reported “proof of intelligent life on mars”
  • thousands in NJ fled after halloween broadcast of the “war of world” because they thought it was red
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18
Q

how is mars a good candidate for life

A
  • is cold but there is life in cold place on earth
  • mars was we in the past
  • dry now
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19
Q

life in mars rock that hit earth?

A
  • theory: 3.6 billion years ago rock formed
  • 16 million years ago there was an impact on mars
  • 13000 years ago a mars rock landed in Antarctica
  • 1984 rock found and had organisms inside
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20
Q

geology on mars

A

northern hemisphere: volcanic

Southern Hemisphere: cratered

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21
Q

what is Olympus Mons

A
  • largest volcano in solar system found on mars
  • 16 miles high
  • 100 million years since last eruption
  • build up higher because there is no continental drift
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22
Q

vallis Marineris

A
  • a grand canyon found on mars
  • as large as the united states
  • up to 40 miles deep
  • crack in crust due to stress
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23
Q

dry river channels on mars

A
  • strong evidence of liquid water in the past
  • they have tributaries
  • rivers on craters
  • we see evidence of massive water flow
  • evidence of ice buried beneath the surface
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24
Q

ice below mars crust?

A

we see mud around craters

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25
Q

atmosphere of mars

A
  • atmosphere is thin
  • made of pure CO2
  • sky is red
  • ozone on mars is opposite of earth because there is more over the poles so UV rays are harsher at poles
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26
Q

what planet has sand dunes and why

A
  • mars because of the high temperature, they are the biggest in the solar system
  • dust devils
  • dust storms
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27
Q

what are mars moons

A
  • Phobos and deimos
  • likely captured asteroids
  • tidally locked so same face always posts towards mars
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28
Q

Jupiter basics

A
  • big with fast rotation
  • largest planet
  • has great red spot
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29
Q

what are the layers of Jupiter

A
  • tiny rock core
  • liquid hydrogen
  • outer clouds
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30
Q

what is the great red spot

A

a hurricane on Jupiter

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31
Q

how were the stripes on Jupiter made

A

the clouds stretched into zones due to fast rotation

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32
Q

what is the magnetic field of Jupiter like

A
  • strong due to liquid metallic hydrogen

- lightening and auroras

33
Q

rings around Jupiter

A
  • 30 km wide
  • made of small particles the size of cigarette smoke
  • particles can collide
34
Q

life on Jupiter?

A
  • the planet is completely gaseous

- the life would be floaters or sinkers

35
Q

Roche Limit

A
  • region around a planet where force of tides exceeds a moons gravitational pull
  • rings of Jupiter are within the roche the limit
36
Q

two types of moons around Jupiter

A

captured asteroids and four Galilean moons

37
Q

Callisto

A
  • outermost moon of Jupiter
  • old surface
  • impacts expose bright icy surface
  • rocky core with ice mantel
38
Q

4 Galilean moons of Jupiter

A
  • Callisto
  • ganymede
  • Europa
  • IO
39
Q

Ganymede

A
  • rocky core with ice mantel
  • 1/3 heavily cratered
  • 2/3 grooved terrain with few craters
  • tides crack the crust and water leaks out and freezes
  • water results from tidal heating/ melting ice
  • water under the crust is 25x the size of earth oceans
40
Q

Europa

A
  • second closes moon to Jupiter
  • rocky with thin layer of surface ice
  • no craters which means this is very young
  • ocean under the ice
  • volcanos of water
41
Q

IO

A
  • closest moon to Jupiter
  • looks like pizza
  • covered I sulfur so it smells bad
  • many active volcanos
  • no craters so its young
  • sulfer lakes and sulfer tides
42
Q

saturn basics

A
  • orbit takes 30 years

- saturn is a bland Jupiter

43
Q

how Saturn contrasts to jupiter

A
  • not as colorful
  • 20x weaker magnetic field
  • problems for dynamo theory
  • ring system is extensive
  • particles are cm to house size in rings
  • particles dont collide, just bump into each other
44
Q

how are rings around Saturn different

A

they are kept straight and in line by Shepard moons

45
Q

titan

A
  • large moon around Saturn
  • has thick and hazy atmosphere
  • evidence of plate tectonics
  • tarry goo covers the surface
  • methane liquid found all over (lakes, rain, oceans, rivers)
46
Q

Tethys

A
  • saturn moon
  • has a crack 3km deep 1500 km long
  • caused as the moon froze?
47
Q

Mimas

A
  • saturn moon
  • has crack 2 km deep
  • huge impact crater
48
Q

Enceladus

A
  • saturn moon
  • similar to Ganymede with crater terrain and grooved terrain
  • ice geysers(possibly due to tidal heating)
  • salty ocean under the surface
49
Q

Iapetus

A
  • saturn moon
  • has one face bright as snow
  • now face dark as coal
  • we don’t know why
50
Q

co-orbiting moons

A
  • interact gravitationally/ closer each year

- created my moons

51
Q

who discovered Uranus

A

Hershel discovered it and it was monumental

52
Q

uranus basics

A

19.8 AU with very fast rotation and its large

53
Q

which planet is almost on its side

A

uranus and its possibly made my impacts and causes extreme seasons

54
Q

what are the clouds of Uranus made of

A
  • bland with methane and ammonia

- have belts and zone stripes like Saturn

55
Q

what is the magnet field of Uranus like

A

strong, caused by large mantel, offset magnetic field

56
Q

rings of Uranus

A
  • 10 narrow rings with particles the size of beachballs

- very little amount of dust

57
Q

miranda

A
  • moon of Uranus
  • visually interesting
  • maybe an impact broke it apart and then they reassembled
  • huge ice cliff
58
Q

how was Neptune found

A

by the wiggle it caused on Uranus

59
Q

neptune basics

A
  • 30 AU
  • sunlight is 1/1000 of light that earth receives
  • big and fast rotation
  • very similar to Uranus
60
Q

great dark spot

A

found on Neptune and and its an hurricane

61
Q

why is Neptune blue

A

the atmosphere is made of methane

62
Q

magnetic field of Neptune

A
  • interior of of planet is a layer of liquid hydrogen

- offset from the center

63
Q

rings of Neptune

A
  • rings in arces (not uniform)
  • dark like Uranus and Jupiter
  • lots of dust
64
Q

Nereid

A
  • moon of Neptune

- highly elliptical orbit

65
Q

Triton

A
  • moon of Neptune
  • only large moon which orbits backwards
  • about the size of our moon
  • very thin atmosphere
  • ice surface
  • N2 volcanos shoot 8km high
  • N2 play caps
66
Q

what are the two things for a planet to be a planet

A

1) pull themselves into a round shape

2) clear the area around their orbits

67
Q

Pluto basics

A
  • 40 AU
  • planet until recently
  • small with eccentric orbit that crosses Neptune’s orbit
68
Q

what is the terrain of Pluto

A
  • young and old terrain
  • especially the “heart”
  • evidence of wind in atmosphere
  • very similar to Triton
69
Q

Charon

A
  • moon of Pluto
  • orbits in inly 6 days
  • orbit more as a double planet
  • mass is not much below Pluto
70
Q

the orbits of dwarf planets

A

very very odd

71
Q

what is explained by a large impact in outer solar system

A
  • triton moves backwards
  • off elliptical orbits
  • pluto escaped
  • charon/pluto have a close orbit
  • -charons orbital inclination
72
Q

Eris basics

A
  • dwarf planet
  • has one moon
  • pluto size
  • elliptical moon
73
Q

Haumea

A
  • another dwarf planet
  • rapid spin
  • ellipsoid shape
74
Q

Makemake

A
  • dwarf planet
  • slightly smaller than pluto
  • red with methane ice
75
Q

primordial soup

A
  • the beginning of life

- made of H, He, CH4, NH3

76
Q

how long did it take for life to form after earth cooled

A
  • not very long at all, it was very quickly

- however, advanced life too billions of years

77
Q

snowball theory

A

leaps in evolution linked to jumps in oxygen

78
Q

what do we think is necessary for life

A
  • liquid water
  • some moons have liquid water
  • mars had water in the past
  • other forms of liquid may be used in cells on Jovian planets

Astronomy 129 (4 decks)

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