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Astronomy 129 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Exploration of Mercury

A
  • 3 space craft
  • boring dull
  • political/ social reasons for not a lot of exploration
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2
Q

Exploration of Venus

A
  • 40+ spacecrafts gone/ mostly Russia
  • easy to get to
  • cloud cover is/mysterious
  • lander, orbiters, and balloons have been
  • activity in 60s and 70s
  • not a lot after collapse of USSR
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3
Q

Exploration of the Moon

A
  • lots of activity when learning how to shoot rockets but became boring
  • now wanting to be moon base, mining, for man
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4
Q

Exploration of Mars

A
  • lots of activity in 60-70s
  • lull in 80-90s
  • lots of activity now
  • many missions
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5
Q

Exploration of Asteroids

A
  • none before 1989
  • public does not care
  • small with no gravity, hard to land on or explore
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6
Q

Exploration of Jupiter

A
  • 7 all American missions
  • could not use solar panels as power
  • so they used nuclear reactors, small and expensive
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7
Q

Exploration of Saturn

A
  • 4 all American missions

- far away and 1000x the size of earth

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8
Q

Exploration of Comets

A

-none before 1985 because the move faster with very little gravity

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9
Q

Accession Disc Theory

A
  • solar nebula theory
  • as gas/dust collapses, pieces “acret”
  • bump into each other and stick and grow into planets
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10
Q

Evidence of accession disc theory

A
  • other stars have discs around them
  • we should see planets around other stars
  • stars should wiggle from pull of planets
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11
Q

Astrometry

A
  • track movement of stars relative to background
  • we tracked stars for decades
  • didn’t find any
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12
Q

“first” extra solar planet found

A
  • found around dead exploded star

- but he found earth and was embaressed

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13
Q

actual first extra solar planet found

A
  • we didn’t find it at first because awe assumed planets had orbits like those in our solar system
  • found around another regular star
  • assumed to be an error
  • it has 4 day revolution
  • found by mayor and Pegg
  • called 51 Pegg
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14
Q

Lessons in Extra-solar Planet Discovery

A

1) theory must be validated by observation or experiment
2) Human bias is hard to overcome
3) verify results before publishing
4) your results build on other results
5) discoveries are often very unexpected

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15
Q

new technique to find planets

A

looking for light shifts due to sun passing in front of planets. vice versa

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16
Q

two types of planets

A

terrestrial, jovian

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17
Q

Terrestrial Planets

A
  • small
  • rocky/dense
  • inner solar system
  • few moons
  • no rings
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18
Q

Jovian planets

A
  • larger
  • gaseous/low density
  • outer solar system
  • lots of moons
  • all have rings
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19
Q

what things in space have craters on them

A

every hard surface

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20
Q

non planet objects

A
  • asteroids
  • meteors
  • comets
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21
Q

Asteroids

A

small rocky orbit between mars and Jupiter

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22
Q

Comets

A

icy with elliptical orbits, tails near sun

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23
Q

Meteoroids

A

tiny rocks often burn up in earths atmosphere

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24
Q

accession disc theory implies that

A

everything is the same age

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25
Q

what is the best method to determine age

A

radioactive dating

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26
Q

what is radioactive dating

A
  • looking at molecules because they emit a particle

- approximate time for decay is half-life

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27
Q

half-life

A

time for half of all particles to decay by measuring the percent that decay

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28
Q

what is often used to date objects younger that 50,000 years

A

C14

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29
Q

how old are moon rocks

A

4.5 billion years old

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30
Q

how old are meteorites

A

4.6 billion years old

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31
Q

how old is earth

A

3.9 billion years old

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32
Q

how old is mars

A

4.3 billion years old

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33
Q

how can accession disc theory be right if the things are all different ages

A

you have to account for the time it takes for things to cool

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34
Q

evidence to solar system formation

A

1) disc shape
2) orbits in same direction
3) two planetary types
4) rings around Jovian planets
5) craters everywhere
6) space debris
7) all things about same age

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35
Q

what is the sun made up of

A

73% hydrogen, 25% helium, 2% heavy elements

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36
Q

based on solar nebula theory what should planets be made of

A

98% hydrogen and helium

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37
Q

why is earth not made of 98% hydrogen and helium

A
  • early earth was
  • little planets could not hold it all due to weak gravity
  • big planets lost some but still have lots of He, H
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38
Q

what does solar wind do

A

strips away upper layer of terrestrial atmosphere

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39
Q

accretion

A
  • many small grains collide and stick

- speed dependent

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40
Q

condensation

A

gases collide with grains and condenses

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41
Q

Planetsimal

A

due to condensation and accretion, small rocks become bigger about centimeter in size

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42
Q

protoplanet

A

when rocks accret and become at least 100km in size

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43
Q

protoplanets grow slowly or quickly

A

quickly because they steal food from other planets

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44
Q

two tories about how protoplanets become planets

A

homogeneous accretion and heterogenous accretion

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45
Q

homogenous accretion

A
  • similar type planetsimals merge

- heat makes them liquid

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46
Q

heterogeneous accretion

A
  • iron planetesimals form first and merge to create a core

- then other types of planetismals collide to form outer layers

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47
Q

when does plant growth start to slow down?

A

when sun ignites and solar wind blows away remaining dust and gas and leaves behind rocks and planets

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48
Q

we observe craters on what kind of surfaces?

A

all solid ones and is strong evidence of accretion disc theory

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49
Q

what is the theory of how planets were created

A

planets developed from gas and dust via condensation into grains, growth by collision, then by gravity into planets

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50
Q

why are solid/ terrestrial planets in the inner solar system

A

because its warmer and only heavy elements condense into grains

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51
Q

why are jovians in the outer solar system

A

because icy lighter elements also condense far away

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52
Q

why should jovian be larger

A

because they have more “food” at larger distances

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53
Q

what can jovian do that terrestrials can not

A

trap H, He atmospheres

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54
Q

why do jovian have more moons

A

because their larger and their gravity is capable of trapping moons

55
Q

why are there rings around jovian planets

A

because there is less solar wind out there

56
Q

what are left over planetesimals and protoplanets

A

comets, asteroids, and meteors

57
Q

meteors

A

in the air/ atmosphere

58
Q

meteorites

A

on the ground

59
Q

meteoroids

A

in space

60
Q

what are meteors made of

A

rock, dust, ice, is a small asteriod

61
Q

when do you see meteors the best?

A

in the morning

62
Q

what is a meteor shower

A

swarms of meteors

63
Q

do meteors all go different ways

A

no, despite appearance, they all move in the same direction

64
Q

what are the three types of meteorites

A

iron, stoney, and stony-iron

65
Q

do we find more iron or stoney meteorites and why

A

iron because they stand out and they fall apart slowly

66
Q

where do most asteroids orbit?

A

around mars and Jupiter

67
Q

what is the largest asteroid we know of

A

Ceros

68
Q

why type of asteroids have earth crossing orbits

A

Apollo asteroids

69
Q

what is the theory for the asteroid belt

A

protoplanets that never formed a planet

70
Q

what are the tree types of asteroids

A

S- bright, reddish, inner solar system
C- dark, outer solar system
M- bright not red

71
Q

what plays a roll in the type of asteroid

A

the environment

72
Q

what are two random facts about asteroids

A
  • evidence of volcanism

- they are very old

73
Q

comet Halley

A
  • 17.8 AU
  • elliptical
  • retrograde
  • takes 100 years to orbit the sun
74
Q

dirt snowball theory

A

comets have dust mixed in with ice and over time they develop a crust

75
Q

how is the tail of a comet made

A

when they get close to the sun, the ice turns into gas and escapes through a small hole and gets blown outward by solar wind

76
Q

two types on comet tails

A

Gas tail and dust tail

77
Q

Gas tail

A

ionized, flow with magnetic field

78
Q

Dust tail

A

dust, flows with solar wind

79
Q

what is the structure of a comet

A

very low density (fluffy snowbanks) loosely held together and often break apart

80
Q

Oort cloud

A
  • giant cloud of comets in outer solar system

- sometimes stars will knock some into the inner solar system

81
Q

What does the accretion disc theory imply

A
  • that a rock hit earth

- we still see rocks and ice balls

82
Q

what would be the consequence of a large impact

A
  • tidal waves
  • dust covering earth causing plants/ animals to die
  • earthquakes
  • volcanos
  • shock wave
  • heat wave causing fires due to friction
  • ejecta landing elsewhere
  • panic, looting, religion
  • communications fail from satellites
83
Q

I comet would cause multiple impacts

A

true

84
Q

what planet has been recently hit by comet

A

Jupiter

85
Q

how were dinosaurs wiped out? and what theory does it support

A

an impact and supports accretion disc theory

86
Q

why WAS the common theory until 1979 about how dinosaurs died

A

by climate change

87
Q

how can we support the idea that a comet killed dinosaurs

A

because we found a crater with traces of iridium (an element commonly found on on asteroids

88
Q

for every major impact there should be what

A

many other smaller impacts

89
Q

in what biblical reference showed evidence of accretion disc theory

A

sodom and Gomorra

90
Q

what was the Tunguska event 1908

A
  • ball of flames
  • trees were found flattened radially
  • dust/fires/explosion witnessed
  • no meteorites found
91
Q

what was the Brazil event 1930

A
  • explosion In sky
  • forrest fire
  • people thought world was ending
  • smaller
92
Q

what was the Chicago fire event

A
  • said to be “miss O’leary’s cow” that kicked over a lamp
  • same night there were dozens of fires in 4 states
  • worst fire in US history
  • trees flattened
93
Q

what was the event in Russia

A
  • 1200 injured in Russia
  • bright flash, heat wave, vapor trail, glass
  • 50 feet meteor
94
Q

after earth was formed what happened

A

it went through a slower evolution with weathering, planets, and continental drift

95
Q

what cause earthquakes and seismic waves

A

movement in the crust

96
Q

what is the order of earths layers

A

crust, mantel, outer core, inner core

97
Q

what structure does the mantel have

A

is rock but flexible like asphalt

98
Q

how thick is earth crust

A

40 miles thick under continents and 6 miles thick under oceans

99
Q

what is the relationship between the crust and mantel

A
  • crust is low density and sits on the mantel like foam on a beer
  • convection in the mantel pushes crust around
  • crust is recycled with new material rising
100
Q

plate techtonics

A

crustal movement

101
Q

what evidence shows that continents were once together

A

fossils, scratches from glaciers on India, see same kid of rock

102
Q

how did the Appalachians form

A

when Africa hit north America 200 million years ago

103
Q

what is the dynamo theory

A
  • motions of iron in the liquid core generate earths magnetic field
  • not much confidence in this theory
104
Q

what is the mystery about earths magnetic field

A

it reverses randomly throughout history

105
Q

what creates auroras

A

-solar wind particles penetrate magnetic field at poles

106
Q

what was the first atmosphere of earth

A
  • the primeval atmosphere

- probably rich in NH3, CH4, H, He

107
Q

what was earths secondary atmosphere

A
  • rapidly evolved and He, H floated away
  • sunlight broke apart NH3 and CH4
  • leaving only N and C
108
Q

what do we think the source of our oceans were

A

lots of comets that hit earth and melted, leaving H2O

109
Q

what was earths third atmosphere like

A
  • developed as CO2 and became o2/rock
  • because of planets
  • oceans turned CO2 into rock
110
Q

snowball theory

A
  • proposes that O2 levels jumped from O to 1% and then to 20%
  • ice caps cover the earth
111
Q

what is earths atmosphere like

A
  • man is changing the air pollution

- global warming ?

112
Q

greenhouse gases

A
  • gas that is transparent to solar radiation but opaque to inferred
  • carbon dioxide and methane
113
Q

what greenhouse gas helps keep earth warm

A

CO2

114
Q

how is CH4 increasing

A

cows and rice

115
Q

what is the #1 greenhouse gas

A

water H2O

116
Q

why was Columbus blamed for “Little Ice age”

A
  • he ultimately killed 90% of native Americans when he discovered America
  • didn’t have anyone to feed so more trees grew on top of old farm land
  • took all CO2 from air and dropped earths temperature
117
Q

is Antarctica loosing ice mass?

A
  • no, snowfall would increase with warmer earth

- but, at edges ice loss is going up

118
Q

what happens to the ocean if earth warms

A

sea levels would rise because water expands when its heated

119
Q

what is an investing theory about a warmer earth

A
  • as temp goes up, sea levels go up, this causes temp to go down
  • because this increases volcanism
  • thus, dust in the air
  • maybe causing earth to cool more
120
Q

what other planet has acid rain

A

venus

121
Q

our clouds vs other planets clouds

A

ours are H2O but they could also be other molecules on other planets

122
Q

what is the cause of the ozone hole

A

C4C’s cause chemical reaction leaving a hole in the atmosphere

123
Q

tides on earth vs moon

A
  • not only does the moon cause tides on earth but earth cases tides on the moon
  • land tides
124
Q

what would happen if moons rotation did not equal its revolution

A

the tide would be off set

125
Q

today forces do what to the moon

A
  • slow down its rotation

- over the years moons rotation has slowed to match its revolution

126
Q

does moon have an atmosphere

A

no

127
Q

what are Mares on the moon

A

lava field with a few centimeters of dust

128
Q

what do moons craters tell us

A
  • number of craters tells us how old the area is

- crater counting theory

129
Q

which is younger: the mare or highlands

A

the Mare

130
Q

how is a crater formed

A
  • impact causes surface to melt and then refeeze
  • central peaks form
  • crater rims form
  • created like a drop of milk
131
Q

what are some things we see or have seen on the moon

A
  • volcanos were present millions of years ago but now the crust is too thick
  • we see “rivers” of lava
132
Q

what are rilles

A
  • a Vally or trench on the face of the moon
  • caused by faulting due to big impacts not plate tectonics
  • much like a rock hitting a mirror
133
Q

are there plate tectonics on the moon

A

no, because the crust is way too thick

Astronomy 129 (4 decks)

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