Quiz 3 Flashcards
In 2010 ___ million children died. __% were in Sub Saharan Africa and __% were in South Asia. Less than ____ % of deaths occur in high-income countries.
- 1.
___ of neonates die within first 28 days, ____ infants die from 29 days - 11 months and ____ die from 1 year - 4 years.
1/3, 1/3, 1/3.
What are the main causes of child deaths?
Diarrhea, pneumonia/acute respiratory, malaria, injuries, measles, other infections (HIV/AIDS, meningitis, pertussis).
Malnutrition contributes to ____ of child deaths.
1/3
What are the main causes of neonatal mortality?
Prematurity, complications during labour or delivery, infections acquired at time of birth.
____ million neonates die each year. ___ million stillbirths occur.
3.5 mill. 3 mill.
What are easy solutions that prevent diarrheal diseases in children?
Clean water, hygiene, sanitation.
More than ____ million child deaths annually occur due to diarrhea.
1 million.
What is the management for diarrhea? What is encouraged when a child has a diarrheal disease?
Oral rehydration therapy (clean water, sugar, salt). Continuous feeding (child continues to eat throughout illness)
How many cases of pneumonia occur in children U5?
150 mill
The most common cause of pneumonia is _______ pneumonia. What needs to be done if this is the case?
Bacterial. Early detection & abx.
What can be done to prevent viral pneumonia?
Vaccinations.
What are health complications for children who have malaria?
Cerebral malaria (coma) and anemia (RBC destruction by parasite)
What can be done to prevent malaria?
Avoid mosquito bites by using ITNs, mosquito repellent.
What is a common vaccine-preventable disease?
Measles.
What is undernutrition?
Children do not consume enough calories or don’t take in adequate amounts of specific nutrients (proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals)
What are recommendations to combat undernutrition?
Exclusive breastfeeding (feed only breast milk until 6 months) and then introduce complementary foods at 6 months while maintaining breast feeding.
What are global child health initiative programs?
Horizontal and vertical programs.
Horizontal programs?
Emphasizes routine access to comprehensive primary care
Vertical program?
Targets selected diseases with specific interventions that are managed outside of public healthcare system.
What are special issues in term of child rights?
Protect child labour, protect the ‘girl-child’, and protect children with special needs
What is the UN convention on rights for children?
A mandate to advocate for the protection of children rights to help meet their basic needs and to expand opportunities for children to reach their full potential
What are the top common concerns of young adult health?
Mental health, injuries, infectious diseases, reproductive health.
What are the top leading causes of disability and illness in adolescents and young adults?
Depression, road traffic accidents, alcohol use
What are the leading CODs for young adults?
HIV/AIDS, TB, self-inflicted injuries
What are the leading CODs for early mid-adults?
HIV/AIDS, ischemic heart disease, MVA
What are the leading CODs for late-mid adults?
HIV/AIDS, COPD, ischemic heart disease, stroke
Mental illness is the leading cause of disability in young adults… what are the most common forms?
Depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia
Mental healthcare services are _______
Underused
Men are at higher risk than women for ______ because of ______ and _______
Injuries. Risky behaviour and hazardous occupations.
Women are more likely to be victims of ___________
Domestic violence
Sex?
Biological difference between men and women
Gender?
Social, cultural, and psychological aspects of being male or female
Gender roles?
Describe how a culture believes men and women should behave.
Men are more likely to have…
lung, bladder, mouth, esophageal, stomach CA, die from MVA, commit suicide, liver disorders, TB, COPD
Women are more likely to have….
reproductive CA, burns, depressive disorders, PTSD, panic disorders, vision problems, die from diabetes, dementia
What does reproductive health encompass
Safe sex, prevention/treatment of STIs, contraception, fertility and infertility, sexual health, pregnancy and child birth.
______ women die worldwide from complications of pregnancy or childbirth
350,000. (40 deaths every hour)
Maternal mortality?
Death during pregnancy, childbirth, or soon after
Common causes of maternal mortality?
PPH, eclampsia, unsafe abortions, infections, obstructed labour.
Women in sub-Saharan Africa are ______ more likely to die while giving birth
140 times
What are effective ways to prevent maternal mortality?
Trained birth attendants, folic acid and iron supplements during pregnancy, birth spacing, ARVs for women with HIV, calcium for women at risk of pre-eclampsia.
What is a risk of not birth spacing and having multiple children?
Older child is weaned from breastmilk at young age and having fewer household resources.
Family planning?
Helps women and men to make decisions about how many children they want to have and how many years apart they want those pregnancies to be.
Abortion? Spontaneous vs. surgical/chemically induced?
Termination or loss of a pregnancy. Spontaneous abortion = miscarriage. Surgical/chemically induced = induced abortion.
Abortions are not a form of what?
Contraception
Gravidity?
Total number of times a woman has been pregnant. Includes miscarriages, abortions, stillbirths and live births.
Fertility?
Total number of births, whether the result was a still or live birth.
Parity?
Total number of live births.
Fertility rate?
Average # of children a woman gives birth to during her childbearing years.
Educated families have more or less children? Why?
Less because of less child deaths.
Replacement population?
Two parents producing two offspring.
Carrying capacity?
Maximum human population the Earth can sustain.
Ecological footprint?
Estimates based on the per capita area of land needed to meet populations consumption patterns.
Malthusian catastrophes?
Population exceeds food supply resulting in mass famine, epidemics, and war.
What is the goal of population planning policies?
To promote a population growth rate in line with desired demographic and socioeconomic profiles.
The number of people ages 60+ is expected to increase from ______ to ______ by 2050
700 mill to 2 bill
The number of people ages 80+ is expected to increase from ____ to _____ by 2050
100 mill to 400 mill
What is the fastest growing population?
People 80+
What proportion of older adults live in low-income countries?
2/3
______ are the most common cause of death of older adults in every region of the world
NCDs
More than ___ of older adults die of CVD
1/3
___ older adults will die of cancer
1/6
What is the regional difference in cancers of older adults?
People in high-income countries are at increased risk of developing cancer, more people live in low than high income countries therefore most people with CA live in low income countries, people in low income countries have lower survival rates
_____ % of older adults die from COPD
10
COPD =
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
What are RF for COPD?
Age, tobacco smoke, air pollution
T2 diabetes is increasing in prevalence in _____
High and low income countries
How many people are affected globally by blindness or low-vision?
Over 300 mill
What is cataracts?
Cloudy lenses
What is glaucoma?
Increased eyeball pressure causing loss of peripheral vision
What is macular degeneration?
Loss of central vision. Macula peeling off back of eye.
How many individuals are deaf/hard of hearing globally?
Over 250 mill
Vision/hearing impairment disorders are responsible for more than ____ % of disability among adults ages 60+?
10
What is a disability?
Both a health condition and a social context in which a person with an impairment interacts with others and the environment
What are considerations of disability?
Ability to do ADLs/IADLs, available resources (accommodations/therapy), duration of impairment.
Dementia?
Gradual decline in cognitive function that usually presents as memory loss plus other mnfts
Over ____ million adults living worldwide with dementia
25
______ % of disability in adults 60+ is due to dementia
5-10%
How many years can someone live with dementia for?
8-20
Screening?
Preventive measure that encourages everyone in a well-defined population group to be tested for a disease based on evidence. that members of a population are at risk for
What is a population pyramid?
Displays population size by age group and sex
What is aging index?
of adults 65+/100 children in the pop
Dependency ratio?
of dependent children and older adults/100 working ppl
Elderly support ratio?
of adults 15-65/# of adults ages 65+ in pop
What are macronutrients?
Carbs, proteins, fats and oils.
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
_____ million do not eat enough to be healthy. ____ people are hungry.
925 million. 1/7.
Hunger is #_____ on the list of top 10 health risks
1
Hunger kills more people every year than _____
AIDS, malaria, other infectious diseases.
_____ of deaths in children is linked to malnutrition
1/3
How much does it cost per day to provide a child with all of the vitamins and nutrients needed?
0.30 cents
The first _____ days of a Childs life are critical and require proper diet to prevent what?
1000 days. Mental and physical stunting.
Is hunger a solvable problem?
Yes
What are examples of effective food aid?
School meals, take home rations, nourishing mothers = healthy babies, food vouchers, supporting farmers.
What is food insecurity?
Inadequate or insecure access to food due to lack of money and other resources at times during the year
Who is at greatest risk for food insecurity?
Single parents families, households renting their accommodation, new immigrants, Aboriginals, homeless.
What is food security?
Having access to enough food to be healthy and productive at all times
What is some food insecurity due to? What is most food insecurity due to?
Natural and humanitarian disasters. Chronic poverty.
What percentage of daily calories should carbs contribute?
45 - 65 %
What percentage of daily calories should proteins contribute?
10 - 35 %
Healthy fats (animal solids) and oils (plant liquids) should contribute to how much % of daily calories?
20 - 35 %
What is the purpose of vitamins?
Act as regulators and help body use energy
What is the purpose of minerals?
Help body built strong bones, transmit nerve signals, and maintain normal HR
What is undernutrition?
Malnutrition resulting from calorie or nutrient deficiencies
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) can lead to what two conditions?
Kwashiorkor (generalized edema/big belly due to fluid retention) and marasmus (low weight, organs shutting down)
Children have to have less than what percentage of normal to have marasmus?
60
How many children U5 worldwide are underweight?
100 mill
What percentage of child undernutrition in South Asia, SSA, and ME/NA?
40%, 20%, 10%.
What causes pellagra? Symptoms? Where is this common?
Niacin (B3) deficiency. Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death. Africa, Indonesia, China.
What causes beriberi? Symptoms?
Thiamin (B1) deficiency. Mnfts of CHF.
What causes scurvy?
Vitamin C deficiency
What causes osteoporosis?
Calcium deficiency
What causes rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency
What is ‘supplementation’?
Multivitamin/mineral pills
What is enrichment?
Add micronutrients back into foods that are lost during processing of foods
What is fortification?
Add nutrients not normally present in the food into processed foods
What is over nutrition?
Malnutrition caused by taking in too many calories or nutrients
What is considered an overweight BMI? Obese?
25 to <30. >30.
What is a food desert?
An area with very limited access to healthy foods
What is a famine?
Widespread hunger
What causes osteomalacia?
Vitamin D deficiency. Same as rickets but in adults.
Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common causes of what?
Preventable blindness in children, xerophthalmia (dry eye), and keratomalacia (ulceration and scarring of cornea)
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of what?
Impaired cognitive function (issues with thyroid gland)
What is bioavailability?
Fraction of the vitamin or mineral consumed that is able to be absorbed and used by the body
What is a human right? They are _____ and ______
An entitlement that is due to every person simply because of being human. They are universal and irrevocable.
What is a standard of health?
Targets governments set for improving the health of their populations
The right to health includes…
The right to access at least basic healthcare services, essential drugs and other health technologies, and water etc.
What must be considered when thinking about access to healthcare?
Availability of facilities, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, quality.
Approximately how much does it cost to make and test a brand new med?
1 bill
High income countries spend the least on pharmaceuticals. T/F?
F. They spend the MOST.
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) does what?
Exchanges companies for research and dev for a patent for exclusive rights to sell their drug for 5 + years
New public health technology will only be successful when?
It is adopted for use by the end users
What are some challenges to water access?
Water privatizations and rights.
What is human trafficking?
Act of recruiting, transporting, transferring etc a person through a use of force, coercion or other means for purpose of exploiting them
What is a crisis?
A small-scale event that can easily be addressed locally (tornado damaging several homes and neighbours provide aid)
What is an emergency?
Larger event that stresses local resources but can still be manages locally
What is a disaster?
occurs when need for assistance exceeds local capacity
What is a catastrophe?
Ovewhelms local response network and requires extensive outside assistance (earthquake in Haiti 2010 and tsunami in Thailand 2004)
What is a nonderogable right?
Human right that is irrevocable.
What is a complex humanitarian emergency?
Civil conflict or war cause mass migration of civilian populations, food insecurity, and longterm public health concerns
What is a refugee?
Person who has been forced to involuntarily move because of security concerns like war, civil conflict etc
What is an internally displaced person?
Fled his/her community because of civil war, famine etc but did not cross into another country and is not afforded same protection and assistance
What is the cycle of displacement?
Begins at onset of migration and continues until a lasting solution is implemented
What is acculturation?
Learning new cultural practice and adapting to them
What is a disaster?
Vast ecological breakdown in the relation between humans and their environment, serious or sudden event that strikes a community leaving them in need of significant help
What types of disasters are there?
Natural, pandemic, transportation, technological, terrorism.
What is the primary health concern from hurricanes?
Drowning and flying debris.
What is the primary health concern of tornadoes?
Head and chest trauma from flying debris.
What is the primary health concern with floods?
Drowning
What is the primary health concern with earthquakes?
injuries from structural collapse
What is the primary health concern from volcanic eruptions?
Respiratory issues
What are the phases of disaster?
Mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery.
What is the mitigation phase of disaster?
Activities to reduce/eliminate hazard (prevention, risk reduction)
What is the preparedness phase of disaster?
Activities taken to build capacity and identify resources that can be used
What is the response phase of a disaster?
Hospital, healthcare system, public health agency - actions they take before, during, after a disaster
What is the recovery phase of a disaster?
Activities undertaken by community after disaster to restore minimum services and move toward long-term restoration
What are types of natural disasters?
Hydrometer logical disasters, geographical diasters, and biological disasters.
What are two types of human-generated disasters?
Technological and environmental disasters
