Quiz 2 Flashcards
What does a health system consist of?
All the people, policies and programs that work to promote health and prevent disease in a country
What is pooled risk?
Assumes that if many low-risk people and a few high-risk people all pay premiums to the insurance system over many years, then there will be a part of the money that can be used to pay for major illnesses when they occur.
What are health insurance systems funding based on?
Pooled risk
What do universal health care systems do?
Increase equity in access and improve efficiency of health system by decreasing overuse of health services by the poor
In the long run, which form of health care system saves on health care costs?
Universal health care
High-income countries usually spend more on what per person? And have a higher percentage of what than low-income countries?
Health care per person. Percentage of GDP.
Govt of higher-income countries pay what in relation to low-income countries?
Higher percentage of health-care costs.
In privatized health care systems, the insurance companies have what option when their customers are people with pre-existing medical conditions, elderly? What can this result in?
Charge higher premiums. Can prevent individuals/families from accessing health insurance and many are at risk of bankruptcy if serious illness occurs.
Do people living in low-income or high-income pay for health care out of pocket?
Low-income
Payment for health can be divided into what two categories?
Money spent of personal health and money spent on public health.
What are examples of things of money spent on personal health?
Medications, glucose test strips etc
What are examples of things of money spent on public health?
Activities that protect a community (vaccines)
Local and national government funds for health care.. where does this money come from?
Taxes collected by the government providing those services.
What is bilateral aid?
Money given directly from one country to another.
What are the different forms of bilateral aid?
Equipment, commodities (food), training and expert advice, cash transfers or economic infrastructure development (health clinics/schools)
What must a country be a member of to give bilateral aid to a low-income country?
Development Assistance Committee
What are the five donor nations that provide the greatest amount of official development assistance (ODA)?
USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan
What is multilateral aid?
Money pooled from many donors in form of loans
What are two multilateral agencies most involved in offering loans?
World Bank and IMF
What does the World Bank do?
Investment bank that makes loans to developing countries, usually for infrastructure projects
What does the IMF do?
Provides a structure for international monetary policy and currency exchanges and also makes loans to countries of any income level that have a balance of payment needs would otherwise not be able to make payments on other international loans
World Bank interest rates are higher/lower than market rates?
Higher
IMF interest rates are higher/lower than market rates?
Lower
What sort of private foundations give money to global heath?
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (>1 billion per year)