Quiz 1

Question 1

What is medicine concerned with?

Answer 1

The health of individuals

Question 2

Public health vs Global health?

Answer 2

PH: population health. GH: transnational health, health concerning cross-national boarders.

Question 3

How is international health different from global health?

Answer 3

International health focuses on the health of people who live in lower income countries.

Question 4

What is a demographic transition?

Answer 4

Transition toward lower birth and death rates. Often occurs when population move from low-income to high-income. Developing to developed.

Question 5

What is a pre-transition population?

Answer 5

High birth and death rate. Population size stays stable, but relatively low number of people.

Question 6

What is an early transition population?

Answer 6

Lower death rates, increased population due to increased food security, increased health care and increased birth rates.

Question 7

What is a late transition population?

Answer 7

Low birth rates, decreased population size. Lower birth rates due to fertility transition - education, technology, economic growth.

Question 8

What is a post-transition population?

Answer 8

Low fertility rate, low death rate, population size stabilizes.

Question 9

What is the epidemiologic transition?

Answer 9

A shift from infectious diseases to chronic, NCDs being the primary health problem in a population.

Question 10

Burden of disease falls mostly on who in a pre-transition pop?

Answer 10

Young

Question 11

Burden of disease falls mostly on who in a post-transition pop?

Answer 11

Elderly.

Question 12

What is a nutrition transition?

Answer 12

Shift from undernutrition and nutrient deficiencies to undernutrition and obesity.

Question 13

Pre-Transition populations are concerned about what in regards to nutrition transition?

Answer 13

Food security. Children at risk for vitamin and mineral deficiency.

Question 14

Post-transition populations are concerned about what in regards to nutrition transition?

Answer 14

Greater variety of foods but also more refined and processed foods. Increased obesity rates because of reduced physical labour work.

Question 15

What is a risk factor?

Answer 15

Is something that makes you more susceptible to getting a disease.

Question 16

What is primary prevention?

Answer 16

Prevent diseases from ever occurring. Immunizations, improved nutrition, health education, reduce risk factors.

Question 17

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 17

Diagnosis of a disease at an early stage/notice risk factors early and step in. Regular health check ups, prostate exams, mammography.

Question 18

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 18

Reduce complications/side effects from disease. Prevent further damage or minimize disability. Checking the feet of diabetic patients regularly.

Question 19

Demography:

Answer 19

Study of size and composition of human populations

Question 20

Vital statistics:

Answer 20

Obtained from birth/death certificates, marriage/divorce, and census records.

Question 21

Life expectancy at birth:

Answer 21

Median expected age of death of all babies born ALIVE

Question 22

Healthy life expectancy:

Answer 22

Number of years the average individual born into population can expect to live without disability

Question 23

Morbidity:

Answer 23

presence of illness or disease

Question 24

What are two measures of morbidity?

Answer 24

Incidence and prevalence

Question 25

Incidence is? Usually used to study what?

Answer 25

number of new cases of the disease. usually used to study infectious diseases, acute diseases and outbreaks.

Question 26

Prevalence is? Usually used to study what?

Answer 26

number of total existing cases (newly diagnosed and diagnosed in past). usually used to describe the amount of chronic disease.

Question 27

What are the three main classifications of cause of death and disability?

Answer 27

Communicable diseases, NCDs, injuries.

Question 28

Epidemiology:

Answer 28

study of distribution and determinants of morbidity, mortality, and disability in populations

Question 29

Primary study? Examples?

Answer 29

collects new data from individuals drawn from a well-defined population. Ex taking a survey, doing a drug trial.

Question 30

Secondary study?

Answer 30

Analyzing and reporting on existing data that someone else collected

Question 31

Tertiary study? Example?

Answer 31

Identifies all primary (and secondary) studies that have been published on a particular topic and to summarize what those studies say. Ex. systematic review, meta-analysis.

Question 32

Observational study?

Answer 32

Observe people.

Question 33

Descriptive study? Example?

Answer 33

Describe members of a population, prevalence of RF within a population, or rate of disease within a population. Ex. ethnography

Question 34

Analytic study?

Answer 34

Aim to understand the associations between RF and disease within a population

Question 35

Prevalence survey/Cross-sectional survey?

Answer 35

Get a snap shot of a populations health status at one point in time.

Question 36

Case series?

Answer 36

Looks at characteristics of a group of people who all have some disease. 2+ patients.

Question 37

Case-control studies? What does it mean if the odds ratio is >1?

Answer 37

Recruit people with a disease (cases) and similar people without disease (control) so that their past exposures can be compared. Cases are more likely than controls to have exposure.

Question 38

Cohort study?

Answer 38

Recruit a group of people and follow them forward in time to see who develops new disease.

Question 39

Experimental studies/intervention studies? example?

Answer 39

Researchers assign participants to receive a certain exposure. Ex clinical trial.

Question 40

What does the confidence interval tell us?

Answer 40

Whether the difference is statistically significant.

Question 41

Correlational study/ecological study? What does this study NOT show?

Answer 41

Uses numeric data about a particular exposure and a particular health outcome fro several populations to look at trends. Causation.

Question 42

Randomized controlled trials?

Answer 42

Assign participants to active/inactive groups.

Question 43

Synthesis study?

Answer 43

Combine results of many similar studies

Question 44

Systematic review?

Answer 44

Search published articles/reports in order to paint a comprehensive picture about everything known about a narrow topic of interest

Question 45

Meta-Analysis?

Answer 45

pool results from studies looked at

Question 46

What is bias?

Answer 46

Systematic error during study design, data, collection, analysis.

Question 47

What is validity?

Answer 47

How well a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 48

What are three key components contributing to SES?

Answer 48

Economic status, occupational status, and educational status.

Question 49

What are SDOH?

Answer 49

Living conditions that influence health status and access to health services

Question 50

Health disparities?

Answer 50

Differences in health status between population groups

Question 51

What are two common ways of measuring economic status of a household?

Answer 51

Income and wealth

Question 52

What is wealth?

Answer 52

Accumulated worth

Question 53

What is literacy?

Answer 53

Ability to understand written words well enough to complete normal daily tasks

Question 54

What is the international poverty line? How many people live below it?

Answer 54

1.25$/day. 1.4 billion.

Question 55

What is female health literacy important to?

Answer 55

Child and family health.

Question 56

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

Answer 56

Total amount of goods and services produced in Canada by both Canadian and foreign corporations.

Question 57

Gross National Income (GNP)?

Answer 57

Similar to GDP. But puts focus on the total INCOME from the selling of goods and services.

Question 58

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?

Answer 58

Measures how many goods and services

Question 59

Gini Index?

Answer 59

Measure of the inequality in the distribution of incomes within a particular country

Question 60

Human development Index?

Answer 60

Composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators which are used to rand countries into four tiers of human development.

Question 61

Health inequalities?

Answer 61

Difference in health status among populations

Question 62

Health inequities?

Answer 62

Inequalities that are avoidable, unfair and unjust.