Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is medicine concerned with?
The health of individuals
Public health vs Global health?
PH: population health. GH: transnational health, health concerning cross-national boarders.
How is international health different from global health?
International health focuses on the health of people who live in lower income countries.
What is a demographic transition?
Transition toward lower birth and death rates. Often occurs when population move from low-income to high-income. Developing to developed.
What is a pre-transition population?
High birth and death rate. Population size stays stable, but relatively low number of people.
What is an early transition population?
Lower death rates, increased population due to increased food security, increased health care and increased birth rates.
What is a late transition population?
Low birth rates, decreased population size. Lower birth rates due to fertility transition - education, technology, economic growth.
What is a post-transition population?
Low fertility rate, low death rate, population size stabilizes.
What is the epidemiologic transition?
A shift from infectious diseases to chronic, NCDs being the primary health problem in a population.
Burden of disease falls mostly on who in a pre-transition pop?
Young
Burden of disease falls mostly on who in a post-transition pop?
Elderly.
What is a nutrition transition?
Shift from undernutrition and nutrient deficiencies to undernutrition and obesity.
Pre-Transition populations are concerned about what in regards to nutrition transition?
Food security. Children at risk for vitamin and mineral deficiency.
Post-transition populations are concerned about what in regards to nutrition transition?
Greater variety of foods but also more refined and processed foods. Increased obesity rates because of reduced physical labour work.
What is a risk factor?
Is something that makes you more susceptible to getting a disease.
What is primary prevention?
Prevent diseases from ever occurring. Immunizations, improved nutrition, health education, reduce risk factors.
What is secondary prevention?
Diagnosis of a disease at an early stage/notice risk factors early and step in. Regular health check ups, prostate exams, mammography.
What is tertiary prevention?
Reduce complications/side effects from disease. Prevent further damage or minimize disability. Checking the feet of diabetic patients regularly.
Demography:
Study of size and composition of human populations
Vital statistics:
Obtained from birth/death certificates, marriage/divorce, and census records.
Life expectancy at birth:
Median expected age of death of all babies born ALIVE
Healthy life expectancy:
Number of years the average individual born into population can expect to live without disability
Morbidity:
presence of illness or disease
What are two measures of morbidity?
Incidence and prevalence
Incidence is? Usually used to study what?
number of new cases of the disease. usually used to study infectious diseases, acute diseases and outbreaks.
Prevalence is? Usually used to study what?
number of total existing cases (newly diagnosed and diagnosed in past). usually used to describe the amount of chronic disease.
What are the three main classifications of cause of death and disability?
Communicable diseases, NCDs, injuries.
Epidemiology:
study of distribution and determinants of morbidity, mortality, and disability in populations
Primary study? Examples?
collects new data from individuals drawn from a well-defined population. Ex taking a survey, doing a drug trial.
Secondary study?
Analyzing and reporting on existing data that someone else collected
Tertiary study? Example?
Identifies all primary (and secondary) studies that have been published on a particular topic and to summarize what those studies say. Ex. systematic review, meta-analysis.
Observational study?
Observe people.
Descriptive study? Example?
Describe members of a population, prevalence of RF within a population, or rate of disease within a population. Ex. ethnography
Analytic study?
Aim to understand the associations between RF and disease within a population
Prevalence survey/Cross-sectional survey?
Get a snap shot of a populations health status at one point in time.
Case series?
Looks at characteristics of a group of people who all have some disease. 2+ patients.
Case-control studies? What does it mean if the odds ratio is >1?
Recruit people with a disease (cases) and similar people without disease (control) so that their past exposures can be compared. Cases are more likely than controls to have exposure.
Cohort study?
Recruit a group of people and follow them forward in time to see who develops new disease.
Experimental studies/intervention studies? example?
Researchers assign participants to receive a certain exposure. Ex clinical trial.
What does the confidence interval tell us?
Whether the difference is statistically significant.
Correlational study/ecological study? What does this study NOT show?
Uses numeric data about a particular exposure and a particular health outcome fro several populations to look at trends. Causation.
Randomized controlled trials?
Assign participants to active/inactive groups.
Synthesis study?
Combine results of many similar studies
Systematic review?
Search published articles/reports in order to paint a comprehensive picture about everything known about a narrow topic of interest
Meta-Analysis?
pool results from studies looked at
What is bias?
Systematic error during study design, data, collection, analysis.
What is validity?
How well a test measures what it is supposed to measure
What are three key components contributing to SES?
Economic status, occupational status, and educational status.
What are SDOH?
Living conditions that influence health status and access to health services
Health disparities?
Differences in health status between population groups
What are two common ways of measuring economic status of a household?
Income and wealth
What is wealth?
Accumulated worth
What is literacy?
Ability to understand written words well enough to complete normal daily tasks
What is the international poverty line? How many people live below it?
1.25$/day. 1.4 billion.
What is female health literacy important to?
Child and family health.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
Total amount of goods and services produced in Canada by both Canadian and foreign corporations.
Gross National Income (GNP)?
Similar to GDP. But puts focus on the total INCOME from the selling of goods and services.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?
Measures how many goods and services
Gini Index?
Measure of the inequality in the distribution of incomes within a particular country
Human development Index?
Composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators which are used to rand countries into four tiers of human development.
Health inequalities?
Difference in health status among populations
Health inequities?
Inequalities that are avoidable, unfair and unjust.
