Quiz 3

Question 1

Epidemiology has been called ________ __________

Answer 1

“population medicine”

Question 2

___________– “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems”

Answer 2

Epidemiology

Question 3

_________ _________– diseases that occur regularly in a population as a matter of course (always there)

Answer 3

Endemic Diseases

Question 4

__________– An unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event in a particular population

Answer 4

Epidemic

Question 5

How many numbers of cases have been confirmed for HIV/AIDS?

Answer 5

944,305

Question 6

How many numbers of cases have been confirmed for Lyme disease ?

Answer 6

222,350

Question 7

_________– outbreak of disease that begins in animals and spreads to humans

Answer 7

Epizootic

Question 8

__________– outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent (flu pandemic of 1918-19 killed 25 million people worldwide)

Answer 8

Pandemic

Question 9

300 B.C.: __________, “Father of Medicine,” suggested a relationship between disease & environment

Answer 9

Hippocrates

Question 10

_______– the number of events that occur in a given population in a given period of time; THREE categories–natality (birth), morbidity (sickness), & mortality or fatality (death) rates

Answer 10

Rates

Question 11

_______ _______– the number of new health-related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk in a given time period

Answer 11

Incidence rate

Question 12

________ ______– calculated by dividing all current cases of a disease (old & new) by the total population at risk in a given time period

Answer 12

Prevalence rate

Question 13

_______ _______– those that last three months or longer (insidious onset, moderate manifestations, incomplete recovery)

Answer 13

Chronic diseases

Question 14

The cumulative incidence of infection in a group during an epidemic / number of people exposed

Answer 14

Attack rate

Question 15

Prevalence Rates are influenced by:
• IncidenceRate
• Durationofillness
P = Incid x Mean _________

Answer 15

Duration

Question 16

Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR) = # of death due to x cause/ total # of death
– expressed as %
– NOT a ______

Answer 16

rate

Question 17

_________ ________ _______ ________– the electronic reporting system used by state health departments and CDC

Answer 17

National Electronic Telecommunications System (NETS)

Question 18

Medical Board of California has made failure to report in a timely manner a citable offense under California Business & Professions Code (Section 2234), “__________ _________”

Answer 18

Unprofessional Conduct.

Question 19

-_________ _______ ______vaccines such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and yellow fever

Answer 19

Live attenuated viral

Question 20

______ or ________ viral vaccines such as influenza, hepatitis B, and rabies

Answer 20

Killed

fractionated

Question 21

Killed or fractionated _________ vaccines

as H. influenza type B, cholera, and typhoid fever

Answer 21

bacterial

Question 22

_______-is a modified bacterial toxin that has been rendered non-toxic but retains the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin.

Answer 22

Toxoid

Question 23

Commonly used toxoids include _________ and ______ toxoids.

Answer 23

diphtheria

tetanus

Question 24

_______ ________-Portrays the spread of a communicable disease within a group based on the percentages of susceptible and immune individuals in the group. Epidemics or outbreaks of disease occur when the proportion of susceptible individuals is high and disappear as the proportion of immune individuals increases.

Answer 24

Herd immunity

Question 25

Pneumonia & influenza, TB, diarrhea

Answer 25

1900

Question 26

Heart disease, cancer, stroke

Answer 26

2007

Question 27

``` There are 4 types of epidemiological studies: 1- Descriptive studies 2- Analytical studies a. Prospective studies (cohort) b. Retrospective studies (case control) 3- _________ studies ```

Answer 27

Experimental

Question 28

Who, when, where is used in what kind of study?

Answer 28

Descriptive Studies

Question 29

Point source epidemic: an epidemic curve depicting a distribution of cases which all can be traced to a single source. Includes the __________ period, which is the period of time between exposure to an infectious agent and the onset of symptoms.

Answer 29

incubation

Question 30

EPIDEMIOLOGIC VARIABLES, there are 3 categories: Time, _______, Place

Answer 30

Person

Question 31

long period, secular, ______

Answer 31

Years

Question 32

moderate, seasonal variations, ______

Answer 32

Months

Question 33

short, epidemic situations, ______ {Epidemic Curve}

Answer 33

Days

Question 34

``` • ______-__ (pointsource) epidemic curve – rapid rise & fall – all fall within one I.P. – caused by common source at 14 one point in time 12 ```

Answer 34

TYPE-I

Question 35

``` ______ ___-(propagated) epidemic curve – cases occur over more than one I.P. – Shape of curve suggest • or continuing 0 common source • P-P transmission ```

Answer 35

Type 2

Question 36

______ study (prospective study): one in which a cohort is classified by exposure to one or more specific risk factors and observed to determine the rates at which disease develops in each group

Answer 36

Cohort

Question 37

Disadvantages of prospective (cohort) studies: 1- ________ 2- take many years to complete 3- not very useful for studying ____ diseases (maynot develop in the cohort)

Answer 37

expensive rare

Question 38

Experimental studies are used: --To determine the effectiveness of a new vaccine, therapeutic drug, or surgical procedure – A study carried out under controlled conditions; with 3 principals: 1. Control group (receiving _____) 2. Randomization 3. Blindness

Answer 38

placebo

Question 39

______ ______: a probability statement about the association between a particular disease & specific risk factor resulting from a case/control study

Answer 39

Odds ratio

Question 40

Look at the host immunity slide

Answer 40

On slide 25