Final lecture! disease and biostat. Flashcards by Duke A

_________: is the process of lodgment and growth of microorganism or a virus in the host

Infection

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___________: caused by specific biological agent or its product and can be transmitted from infected to susceptible host

Communicable

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______________: one that cannot be transmitted from infected to susceptible host

Noncommunicable

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Acute: last __ months or less

Chronic: last more than ___ months

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Acute __________ diseases: common cold, pneumonia, mumps, measles…

Communicable

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Acute ___________ disease: appendicitis, poisoning, injury

Non communicable

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Chronic __________ disease: aids, lime disease, TB, syphilis…

communicable

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Chronic _________ disease: diabetes, coronary heart disease, cirrhosis…

Non communicable

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_________- the capacity of the agent to cause infection in a susceptible host. Ex.
Polio & measles are diseases of high infectivity.

INFECTIVITY

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__________- the capacity of the agent to cause disease in the infected host. Ex.
Measles is a disease of high pathogenicity
(few subclinical infection) while Polio is a disease of low pathogenicity (most cases are subclinical)

PATHOGENICITY

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_________- The severity of the disease. Ex.

Rabies is extremely virulent (little or no survivals

VIRULENCE

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_________- The capacity of the agent to produce toxin or poison. Ex. Botulism &
whooping cough

TOXIGENICITY

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__________-The ability of the agent to survive adverse environmental conditions. Ex. Coccidioidomycosis & hepatitis are extremely resistant while gonococcus
& influenza are extremely fragile

RESISTANCE

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__________- The ability of the agent to induce antibody production in the host.

ANTIGENICITY

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_______ Period : time interval between exposure and appearance of 1st symptom. Consistent for each disease

Incubation

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_____-any susceptible organism invaded
by an infectious agent

____- Physical factorsBiological actorsSocial factors

________- All other factors that inhibit or promote Disease transmission

these 3 things make up the _________ _______ model

Host

Agent

Environment

Communicable Disease

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_________- is the disease causing agent, it can be: Viruses, Rickettsiae, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa or Metazoa

pathogen

________- is the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives & grows

Reservoir

____ __ ____-is the path by which an agent leaves the source host
1-Respiratory tract, as influenza & TB
2-Genito-urinary tract, as STDs
3-GIT, as hepatitis A & rabies
4-skin, as syphilis, chicken pox
5-In utero transmission, as rubella, CMV, syphilis or AIDS

Portal of exit

Modes of Transmission
______: Immediate transfer
-Direct contact (ex STDs)
-Droplet spread (ex. Measls & chicken pox)

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
-Airborne (most difficult to block) (ex. TB)
-Vehicleborne (contaminated food, school
supplies, bed sheets, utensils, etc..)
-Vectorborne (ex. mosquitoes)

Direct

Indirect

_____ __ _____- Agent enters susceptible host; ex.) Respiratory, Oral, Skin, Intravenous, Gastrointestinal

Portal of entry

___ _____- Final link is a susceptible host

New Host

Types of carriers

1-Healthy carrier (subclinical infection); e.g. _____
2-_______ carrier (during _______ period); e.g. Hepatitis A
3-Convalescent carrier (during convalescence); e.g. Sheigella & Salmonella
4- ______ carrier; e.g. Hepatitis B

polio

Incubatory

Chronic

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ disease model
–Genetics
–Personality & beliefs
–Behavioral choices
–Environment

Multicausation

_______ _____ ______–Characterized by damage to the coronary arteries; also called coronary artery disease; #1 killer

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

_________–Narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from the build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessel

Atherosclerosis

_________ ______– Blood supply to the brain is disrupted; #4 killer

Cerebrovascular disease(stroke)

______– occurs when cells lose control over their growth and division; develop into a tumor; #2 killer

Cancer

_______– parts of the tumor break off & travel to the rest of the body’s organs and continue their growth

Metastasis

``` Other Noncommunicable Disease Problems •Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)–#___ killer •Diabetes mellitus–#____ killer •Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis–#___ killer ```

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``` NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE •By “natural history” we refer to the course of disease over time, unaffected by treatment. •There are 4 stages: 1.Stage of ________ 2.Stage of Presymptomatic Disease 3.Stage of ______ Disease 4.Stage of Disability ```

susceptibility Clinical

______ Prevention– The forestalling of the onset of illness or injury, by removing the cause, during the pre-pathogenesis period (before the disease process begins), e.g., immunization or adjustment: ↓ incidence

Primary

_______ Prevention– The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases or injury to limit disability or prevent more severe pathogenesis, e.g.,screening: ↓ prevalence & progression and limit disability

Secondary

______ Prevention– The retraining, reeducation, and rehabilitation of the patient who has already incurred disability e.g., physical therapy

Tertiary

•Simple ______ - each has an = opportunity - chance alone •___-_____- - selection based on known factors •Stratified _______- - popul. divided into sampling units - a random sample is chosen from each

Random Non-Random selected

______ •exactness, measure true value of what being studied _______ •consistent and reproducible _______ • stable, dependable, sound ________ •measures what is supposed to measure

Accuracy Percision Reliability Validity

Basedd on graphs: _______ •Symm., Gaussian; •a continuous bell-shape Uniform •________• where all events occur with equal frequency SKEWED, asymmetric, and may be: •positively skewed (to the_____)- tail among higher values being characterized •negatively skewed (to the _____)- tail among the lower values being characterized

NORMAL rectangular right left

_________: values that divide the series into | defined percentages; is the level of the measurement below which a specified portion of the distribution falls

PERCENTILES

``` -_______ •The most occurring value/values in a series •useful in ____. studies as determining peak of disease occurrence in an _____. outbreak investigation ```

MODE Epi Epi

_______- •difference bet. Highest & Lowest value •used to measure data spread VARIANCE •Main use is to calculate __.__.

RANGE S.D.

_______- ability to ID correctly those who DO NOT HAVE the disease (when sensitivity is 100% & result is neg.) ________- ability to ID correctly those who HAVE the disease (when specificity is 100% & result is positive)

SENSITIVITY SPECIFICITY

__ ____ _____'s can be used to assess whether the rate of X condition is higher in a specific group of people than others.

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